The Characteristic High Sulfate Content in Brassica oleracea is Controlled by the Expression and Activity of Sulfate Transporters

Abstract

The uptake and distribution of sulfate in BRASSICA OLERACEA, a species characterised by its high sulfate content in root and shoot, are coordinated and adjusted to the sulfur requirement for growth, even at external sulfate concentrations close to the K (m) value of the high-affinity sulfate transporters. Plants were able to grow normally and maintain a high sulfur content when grown at 5 or 10 microM sulfate in the root environment. Abundance of mRNAs for the high affinity sulfate transporters, BolSultr1;1 and BolSultr1;2, were enhanced at <or= 25 microM sulfate, and this was accompanied with an up to three-fold increase in the sulfate uptake capacity, whereas sulfate, organic sulfur, and thiol contents were only slightly affected. Upon sulfate deprivation, there was a much greater induction of the sulfate transporters, BolSultr1;1, BolSultr1;2, BolSultr1;3, BolSultr2;1, and BolSultr4;1, whilst the sulfate uptake capacity was only increased up to four-fold. Plant growth and shoot to root biomass allocation were affected only upon sulfate-deprivation and not at low external sulfate concentrations. From the current results it is suggested that the internal sulfate concentration may act as a determining factor in the regulation of activity and expression of sulfate transporters, and of shoot to root biomass allocation in B. OLERACEA.

Growth and nutrient uptake of maize plants as affected by elemental sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer in sandy calcareous soil

“…Besharati and Rastin (1999) also reported that S application had significant effects on root and shoot dry matter of maize grown in calcareous soils under greenhouse conditions. Total dry matter was not affected by low concentration of sulfate but affected when by the complete absence of S (Koralewska et al, 2007). The oxidation of S 0 resulted in both direct chemical changes through lowering soil pH, EC and increasing sulfate concentration.…”

Natural Variation in the ATPS1 Isoform of ATP Sulfurylase Contributes to the Control of Sulfate Levels in Arabidopsis

“…While in leaves of many species, sulfate constitutes about 50% of total sulfur, in others, such as Brassica oleracea, it can reach up to 90% (Durenkamp et al, 2007;Koralewska et al, 2007). Sulfate homeostasis is dependent on the interplay between supply and utilization.…”

“…This sulfate can be remobilized through the action of group 4 sulfate transporters localized in the tonoplast and enter the assimilation pathway (Kataoka et al, 2004). The portion of sulfur stored as vacuolar sulfate is highly variable among environmental conditions and plant species but also between variants of the same species (Durenkamp et al, 2007;Koralewska et al, 2007;Loudet et al, 2007). Since the consequence of the high sulfate content is high demand for sulfate in the soil, leading to the need for sulfate fertilization, the control of plant sulfate homeostasis is of high interest.…”

The interplay between sulfur and iron nutrition in tomato

“…Previously, such high-affinity group 1 STs were characterized as being responsible for the primary uptake of sulfate by the root (Buchner et al, 2010). However, several studies also showed the presence of their transcripts in shoots of S-deficient plants, suggesting a further function for S distribution into different cell types in different tissues (Koralewska et al, 2007;Ciaffi et al, 2013). In contrast to what has been suggested before (Parmar et al, 2007;Koralewska et al, 2008), SlST1.1 and SlST1.2 showed the same pattern of regulation in both shoots and roots of tomato plants (Fig.…”