The Chemical Constituents of Citrus Fruits

Kefford, J. F.; Chandler, B. V.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60278-5

Cited by 124 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…The present findings are in conformity with the study of Premi et al (1994). The increase in limonin was more at higher processing temperature which could be probably due in part to its low solubility in water; hence heating increased its concentration (Kefford 1959) and accelerated conversion of non-bitter precursor, α-limonin monolactone to limonin (Maier and Beverly 1968). The low limonin content at low processing temperature might be due to inhibition of oxidation of D-ring lactone into limonin.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of juice extraction methods and processing temperature-time on juice quality of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during storage

2010

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Influence of juice extraction methods and pasteurization temperature and time on quality of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) juice was studied. The experiment consisted of 65°C pasteurization temperature with 15, 25 and 35 min holding time; 75°C with 10, 20 and 30 min and 85°C with 5, 10 and 15 min holding times and two types of juice extraction methods. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized Design with three replications. Juice extracted with screw type juice extractor and processed at 65°C for 15 min maintained better qualitative characteristics like total soluble solids, acidity, ascorbic acid, sugars and non-enzymatic browning during 6 months storage. Naringin and limonin contents were minimum with the screw extractor and 65°C processing temperature for 15 min.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of juice extraction methods and processing temperature-time on juice quality of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during storage

2010

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“…Os compostos voláteis das sementes de limão siciliano e de laranja são similares, com exceção das porcentagens relativas, enquanto que o óleo de tangerina é mais rico em nú-mero de compostos voláteis. Os compostos voláteis identificados são comuns na casca de citros 21 . Entretanto, os óleos obtidos com extração por fluido supercrítico produziram apenas triglicerídeos.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Extrações de óleos de sementes de citros e suas atividades sobre a formiga cortadeira Atta sexdens e seu fungo simbionte

Fernandes¹,

David²,

Facchini³

et al. 2002

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 23/10/01; aceito em 7/3/02 CITRUS SEED OILS EXTRACTIONS AND THEIR ACTIVITY AGAINST LEAF CUTTING ANT Atta sexdens AND ITS SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS. Seeds Citrus oils (C. sinensis, C. limon and C. reticulata) extraction with hexane in a soxhlet apparatus and through supercritical fluid (CO 2 ) were done. Besides triglycerides, the oils obtained with hexane comprised volatile compounds such as terpenes and fatty alcohols, esters, and aldehydes. However, the oils obtained by extraction with supercritical fluid presented only triglycerides. These results indicate that the extraction using supercritical fluid presents better selectivity. The activity of the oils on the development of the ant symbiotic fungus, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, showed week activity and the topic insecticide assay showed better activity for the tangerine seed oil.Keywords: supercritical fluid extraction; Citrus oils; ants. INTRODUÇÃOA produção de frutos cítricos no Brasil tem aumentado nos últi-mos vinte anos, passando de 40 para 260 milhões de caixas, levando o Brasil a ser o líder mundial em exportação de suco de laranja concentrado, com a participação de 71% do mercado internacional 1,2 . Sementes secas, sem o tegumento (cerca de 60% do peso total), podem produzir entre 50 a 55% de óleo. Esta percentagem pode variar em função da espécie de fruto e da técnica usada para extração. A extração com hexano produz geralmente de 30 a 35% de óleo, mas pode chegar a 57%. Laranjas do tipo valenciana produzem 0,317 kg de sementes por caixa (cerca de 40,8 kg) e a indústria processa 200.000 caixas por mês, o que equivale a 63.400 kg de sementes por mês ou 760.800 kg por ano 3 . Atualmente, as sementes e as cascas de citros são misturadas com bagaço e são empregados como complemento para alimentação animal. Portanto, a utilização de sub-produtos da indús-tria de citros é altamente desejável. Os componentes das sementes devem ser melhor estudados a fim de se obter seus constituintes puros ou frações que tenham alto valor agregado.Tradicionalmente, para se extrair o óleo de sementes vegetais empregam-se extrações com solventes orgânicos ou por prensagem das sementes, sendo que este último processo produz menor quantidade que o primeiro. Extração usando fluido supercrítico é relatada na literatura, sendo o fluido de CO 2 o mais utilizado e a extração é dependente da pressão, temperatura e da granulação do pó das sementes 4 . A associação mutualística entre a formiga cortadeira Atta sexdens (saúva limão) e o fungo Leucoagaricus gongilophorus é muito forte e existe uma total dependência entre ambos. Nesta interação as formigas usam vegetais frescos para o desenvolvimento do fungo e para a própria alimentação 6 e, de acordo com Fisher e colaboradores 7,8 e Quinlan e Cherrett 9 , o fungo constitui a única fonte de alimento para as larvas das formigas, além de fornecer cerca de 9% da energia necessária para as operárias das formigas 10 . As formigas cortadeiras constituem sério problema à agricultura brasileira 5 e elas têm sido controladas, principalmente, ...

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“…f). (Lemon albedo contains approximately 340 g pectin/kg (Kefford & Chandler, 1970). These results are included in Table I . Adsorption of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate by solidjibre preparations In Table I we have listed the sources of fibre and.the results of the adsorption measurements.…”

Section: Results a N D Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine

Oakenfull

Fenwick

1978

Br J Nutr

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I . Adsorption of bile salts by dietary fibre is believed to promote their excretion and hence to reduce the serum cholesterol level in man and experimental animals.2. We have tested a number of plant fibre fractions and other related materials for their ability to adsorb bile salts from aqueous solution. The 'insoluble' plant fractions were from 'dry grain' (a residue from brewing), apple, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sutiva), soya beans, mung beans (Phaseolus mungo), chick peas (Cicer arietinum), rolled oats, spinach (Spinaciu oleracea), sunflower seeds, sawdust and sheep faeces. The other materials were cholestyramine, pectin and lignins prepared from wheat bran and from sawdust.3. Only cholestyramine and the fibre from lucerne, soya beans, mung beans, chick peas, spinach, and sunflower seeds adsorbed enough of either sodium cholate or sodium deoxycholate for adsorption to be detectable. 4.This result conflicts with a report that the lignin component of dietary fibre is responsible for adsorption of bile salts. 5.Adsorption of bile salts, when it occurs, may depend on the presence of saponins bound to the fibre.

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The Chemical Constituents of Citrus Fruits

Cited by 124 publications

References 156 publications

Effect of juice extraction methods and processing temperature-time on juice quality of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during storage

Effect of juice extraction methods and processing temperature-time on juice quality of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during storage

Extrações de óleos de sementes de citros e suas atividades sobre a formiga cortadeira Atta sexdens e seu fungo simbionte

Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine

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