The Chemistry of Beeswax

Hepburn, H. R.; Pirk, Christian W. W.; Duangphakdee, Orawan

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54328-9_16

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…GMS contains monostearate as the major component with traces of di- and tristearates of glycerol. On the other hand, beeswax contains mixture of alkanes, alkenes, free fatty acids, monoesters, diesters, and hydroxymonoesters, while fatty alcohols and hydroxydiesters are minor constituents [ 16 ]. When same level of emulsifiers used in both cases, the HSLNs with beeswax as lipid core demonstrated significantly lower particle size than HSLNs where GMS was used as lipid core.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Herbal Extract: In Vivo Antidepressant Activity

Vijayanand

Jyothi²,

Aditya

et al. 2018

Journal of Drug Delivery

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In alternate systems of medicine like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine, Hibiscus rosa sinensis and its extracts have been traditionally prescribed for their antidepressant activity. Crude extracts and rudimentary formulations approaches are good for proof-of-concept studies; however, these formulations are fraught with problems like poor oral bioavailability and high variability between subjects. Systematic drug delivery approaches could prove effective in addressing some of these problems. In this study, we report the development of Hibiscus rosa sinensis extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (HSLNs) using glycerol monostearate or beeswax as lipids. The HSLNs were evaluated for their size, surface charge, and morphology. The optimized HSLNs were tested for antidepressant activity in male Swiss albino mice. It was found that, with the optimized procedure, HSLNs of ~175 nm, carrying negative charge and nearly spherical shape, could be obtained. The in vivo test results suggested that there were marked differences in the immobility times of the test animals. Moreover, with HSLNs, it was found that at doses several times lower than the native crude extract dose, similar pharmacological effect could be obtained. These initial findings suggest that encapsulating phytopharmaceuticals into advanced delivery systems like solid lipid nanoparticles can be an effective strategy in improving their in vivo performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Herbal Extract: In Vivo Antidepressant Activity

Vijayanand

Jyothi²,

Aditya

et al. 2018

Journal of Drug Delivery

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“…Also, substances with characteristic functional groups and unknown exact structures were used to describe results, and for that purpose, they were grouped as "alkyl alkanes" (24 compounds) and "alkyl benzenes" (27 compounds). Generally, all examined volatile compounds profiles contained such groups as alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and terpenoids, along with derivatives of alkanes (alkyl alkanes) and benzene (alkyl benzenes), and in this regard, those profiles were very similar to the volatiles composition of beeswax [32]. Many of the detected compounds from each group were batches of homologs with 1-2 carbon atoms in difference, and they were very characteristic to the nonvolatile fraction of beeswax as well [33].…”

Section: Volatile Organic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Many of the detected compounds from each group were batches of homologs with 1-2 carbon atoms in difference, and they were very characteristic to the nonvolatile fraction of beeswax as well [33]. Interestingly, alkyl alkanes of unoxidized wax make just up to 2% of the total weight according to the literature [32], but in the studied control oleogel samples, structured with different wax fractions, headspace contained detected alkyl alkanes of 4% (oleogel Cc), 35% (oleogel Ac), and 47% (oleogel Bc) of other identified compounds. Alkyl alkanes, alkyl benzenes, and terpenoids were the major groups in the VOCs' profile (35%, 18%, and 24%, respectively, of total identified compounds) of almost pure carbohydrate fraction-structured oleogel (more than 99% carbohydrates in mix, sample Ac) (Figure 5).…”

Section: Volatile Organic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Analysis of Oleogel Volatile Profile Formation under Ultrasonic Treatment

Frolova,

Makarenko,

Kochetkova

2023

Gels

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Under certain conditions, ultrasonic treatment of certain foods and ingredients can contribute to the appearance of an extraneous odor, which is not usual for them, especially in fat-containing products. Since the food sector uses high-intensity ultrasound to control the crystallization of fats, the development of foreign smells and secondary fat oxidation products may impact the quality and safety of such items. In this work, we studied the volatile compounds’ profiles of oleogels structured with individual fractions of beeswax using ultrasonic treatment. For this work, six samples of oleogels were obtained. Sunflower oil was used as a fatty base, and three fractions of beeswax were used as gelators: hydrocarbon fraction (>99%), monoester fraction (>95%), and a mixture fraction of wax di- and triesters (10.1%), free fatty acids (40.1%), and free fatty alcohols (49.8%). The influence of ultrasonic treatment on the properties of oleogels was assessed using light microscopy in polarized light, texture analysis, gas chromatography with flame ionization, and mass spectrometric detection. Ultrasonic treatment affected the crystallization of oleogels and led to the formation of smaller crystals. At the same time, sonication led to both an increase and a decrease in the firmness of oleogels, depending on the composition of the gelator. As regards volatile compounds, a total of 121 fragrant substances were identified in all samples, including such groups as alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes, alkadiynes, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, terpenes, alkyl alkane, and alkyl benzene derivatives. Ultrasonic treatment caused formation of new volatile unsaturated compounds. Some of them are known to have an unpleasant odor and thus might be responsible for the extraneous odor formation in studied fatty systems. Those were mainly (E)-2-octene, 1-heptene, 1,3-butadiene, and 1,3-octadiene in all oleogel samples. Sonicated samples B and C additionally had but-1-en-3-yne, pentenyne, and 1,3-butadiyne, whose odor can also be characterized as extraneous and distasteful. Several volatile compounds, supposed to be products of lipid oxidation, were also identified. Here we assume a reasonable approach is needed when selecting sonication conditions to prevent undesirable taste and flavor in oleogels and oleogel-based food products.

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“… P: paraffin, FFA: fatty acids, FA: fatty alcohols, WE: waxy or fatty esters, MG: monoglyceride, DG: diglyceride, TG: triglyceride, AMP: average melting point, PV: penetration value, RPO: refined palm oil. Values reported by 1 Hepburn et al, 2014 and 2 Guzman et al, 2013 [ 9 , 29 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Biowaxes from Palm Oil as Promising Candidates for Cosmetic Matrices and Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

Chaparro,

Neira,

Molina

et al. 2023

Materials

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The production of waxes from vegetable oils, such as palm oil, for use as a base material in products for human applications is an alternative to those derived from petroleum and animals. Seven palm oil–derived waxes, called biowaxes (BW1–BW7) in this work, were obtained by catalytic hydrotreating of refined and bleached African palm oil and refined palm kernel oil. They were characterized by three properties: compositional, physicochemical (melting point, penetration value, and pH), and biological (sterility, cytotoxicity, phototoxicity, antioxidant, and irritant). Their morphologies and chemical structures were studied by SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, and 1H NMR. The BWs presented structures and compositions similar to natural biowaxes (beeswax and carnauba). They had a high concentration of waxy esters (17%–36%) with long alkyl chains (C, 19–26) per carbonyl group, which are related to high melting points (<20–47.9 °C) and low penetration values (2.1–3.8 mm). They also proved to be sterile materials with no cytotoxic, phototoxic, antioxidant, or irritant activity. The biowaxes studied could be used in cosmetic and pharmacological products for human use.

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The Chemistry of Beeswax

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Herbal Extract: In Vivo Antidepressant Activity

Development and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Herbal Extract: In Vivo Antidepressant Activity

Analysis of Oleogel Volatile Profile Formation under Ultrasonic Treatment

Biowaxes from Palm Oil as Promising Candidates for Cosmetic Matrices and Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

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