The Chemistry of Conducting Polythiophenes

McCullough, Richard D.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199801)10:2<93::aid-adma93>3.0.co;2-f

Cited by 1,477 publications

(964 citation statements)

References 133 publications

(287 reference statements)

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“…A correlated linear dependence of the peak widths and positions requires a power law density of states and, in this case, we find that an expression A(T ) T −5/2 ε 3/2 exp(−ε/k B T ) qualitatively reflects the experimental results where A(T ) incorporates the temperature dependence of the integrated intensity and the factor of T −5/2 provides normalization. With an exponent of 3 2 the shift in peak position is equal to 3 2 k B T and the full-width at half-maximum is 3k B T and this result is in approximate agreement with the data shown in Fig. 8.…”

Section: A Structure and Spectroscopy Of The Order-disorder Transitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1, has received extra attention because it exhibits mesomorphic behavior and multiple crystal phases 13,14,15,16,17 . On heating of PF8 thin films one generally observes transitions from a crystalline state to a liquid crystalline mesophase followed by melting R = (CH 2 7 ) +CH 3 8. to an isotropic phase. Consequently there are special opportunities 18,19,20,21 for studying the response of electronic and optical properties to systematic changes in the molecular level ordering.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure, photophysics, and the order-disorder transition to theβphase in poly(9,9-(di-n,n-octyl)fluorene)

2003

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X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy have been used to study the well-known order-disorder transition (ODT) to the β phase in poly(9,9-(di-n,noctyl)fluorene)) (PF8) thin film samples through combination of time-dependent and temperaturedependent measurements. The ODT is well described by a simple Avrami picture of one-dimensional nucleation and growth but crystallization, on cooling, proceeds only after molecular-level conformational relaxation to the so called β phase. Rapid thermal quenching is employed for PF8 studies of pure α phase samples while extended low-temperature annealing is used for improved β phase formation. Low temperature PL studies reveal sharp Franck-Condon type emission bands and, in the β phase, two distinguishable vibronic sub-bands with energies of approximately 199 and 158 meV at 25 K. This improved molecular level structural order leads to a more complete analysis of the higher-order vibronic bands. A net Huang-Rhys coupling parameter of just under 0.7 is typically observed but the relative contributions by the two distinguishable vibronic sub-bands exhibit an anomalous temperature dependence. The PL studies also identify strongly correlated behavior between the relative β phase 0-0 PL peak position and peak width. This relationship is modeled under the assumption that emission represents excitons in thermodynamic equilibrium from states at the bottom of a quasi-one-dimensional exciton band. The crystalline phase, as observed in annealed thin-film samples, has scattering peaks which are incompatible with a simple hexagonal packing of the PF8 chains.

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Section: A Structure and Spectroscopy Of The Order-disorder Transitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, photophysics, and the order-disorder transition to theβphase in poly(9,9-(di-n,n-octyl)fluorene)

2003

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“…Electronically conducting polymers derived from substituted thiophenes constitute an important class of conjugated polymers [1]. Because of their unique electrical and optical properties based on the substantial p-electron delocalization along their backbones, they have attracted much interest over the past 25 years for potential use in information storage, electrochromic devices, sensors, light-emitting diodes, rechargeable batteries, etc [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery and characterization of pure poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) via biomimetic template polymerization

Huh

Kim

et al. 2006

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The fundamental properties of pure poly(3,4‐thylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), one of the most common electrically conducting organic polymers, are the key to the development of more prominent applications in which PEDOT and its derivatives can be utilized. Conducting molecular complex of PEDOT with silica was synthesized in the presence of charged silica template by the in situ biomimetic polymerization. To remove silica from PEDOT/template complex, hydrofluoric acid was used to etch silica particles. The electrochemical, thermal, and optical properties of pure PEDOT recovered were investigated in comparison with those of EDOT monomer or PEDOT with template by using UV–vis–near–IR spectra, cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and fluorescence spectra. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:71–75, 2007. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…It is shown how the optical and electronic properties vary with regioregularity of the PAT, i.e. the larger the percentage of HT-HT (head to tail energetic conformation) couplings the more conjugated and more conductive the PAT will be [39]. At the present, the main suppliers of commercial PATs (e.g.…”

Section: Processing Of the Active Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle analysis of organic photovoltaic technologies

García‐Valverde

Cherni

Urbina

2010

Progress in Photovoltaics

170

130

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Organic solar cells, both in the hybrid dye sensitized technology and in the full organic polymeric technology, are a promising alternative that could supply solar electricity at a cost much lower than other more conventional inorganic photovoltaic technologies. This paper presents a life cycle analysis of the laboratory production of a typical bulk heterojunction organic solar cell and compares this result with those obtained for the industrial production of other photovoltaic technologies. Also a detailed material inventory from raw materials to final photovoltaic module is presented, allowing us to identify potential bottlenecks in a future supply chain for a large industrial output. Even at this initial stage of laboratory production, the energy payback time and CO 2 emission factor for the organic photovoltaic technology is of the same order of other inorganic photovoltaic technologies, demonstrating that there is plenty of room for improvement if the fabrication procedure is optimized and scaled up to an industrial process.

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The Chemistry of Conducting Polythiophenes

Cited by 1,477 publications

References 133 publications

Structure, photophysics, and the order-disorder transition to theβphase in poly(9,9-(di-n,n-octyl)fluorene)

Structure, photophysics, and the order-disorder transition to theβphase in poly(9,9-(di-n,n-octyl)fluorene)

Recovery and characterization of pure poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) via biomimetic template polymerization

Life cycle analysis of organic photovoltaic technologies

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