The Chemistry of Reaction Wood. Part II. The Polysaccharides of<i>Eucalyptus goniocalyx</i>and<i>Pinus radiata</i>

Schwerin, G.

doi:10.1515/hfsg.1958.12.2.43

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Except in mature wood (rings 15q16) and the bulk sample, a small decrease in the levels of xylose and arabinose was also observed. The observed chemical differences between SCW and OW are similar to those previously reported results for CW in P. radiata (Schwerin 1958) and other conifers (Timell 1986a;Ö nnerud and Gellerstedt 2003;Chen et al 2007). …”

Section: Anatomical Characterisation Of Wood Samplessupporting

confidence: 90%

Quantitative chemical indicators to assess the gradation of compression wood

Nanayakkara¹,

Manley‐Harris

Suckling³

et al. 2009

HFSG

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A chemistry-based parameter has been sought for determining the gradation of compression wood (CW), i.e., the severity, in tissues of Pinus radiata wood. Fluorescence microscopy was the reference for characterisation of the tissues containing CW. The collected material contained CW of varying severity, beginning with normal wood (NW containing no CW), continuing with material with some features of CW (CW of mild severity, MCW) and ending up with a material with pronounced features of CW (CW of high severity, SCW). Matching opposite wood (OW) was also included in the study. The chemical analyses included lignin determination, sugar analysis in the acid hydrolysate, thioacidolysis, 31 P-NMR spectroscopic analysis and steric exclusion chromatography of thioacidolysis products. As the severity of CW changed progressively from NW through MCW to SCW, all chemical parameters changed concurrently. In particular, levels of galactose and lignin increased, while those of glucose and mannose decreased. The amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl b-ethers released by chemical degradation and uncondensed p-hydroxyphenyl C-9 units also increased at elevated CW severity levels. The amounts of galactose and the p-hydroxyphenyl content of the lignin correlated linearly with lignin for CW samples. The chemical differences between CW and OW in the stem, branch and seedling were similar, i.e., they are independent of the morphological origin of the sample. Parameters based on the p-hydroxyphenyl unit content appear the most suitable chemical indicators of CW severity, as they are least sensitive to the sample's morphological origin and their response to CW severity is high.

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Section: Anatomical Characterisation Of Wood Samplessupporting

confidence: 90%

Quantitative chemical indicators to assess the gradation of compression wood

Nanayakkara¹,

Manley‐Harris

Suckling³

et al. 2009

HFSG

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“…Our results further suggest that, in the compression zone lying opposite to the tension zone, certain auxin imbalance‐induced factors may inhibit PtCesA expression and therefore interrupt cellulose biosynthesis. Thus lignin would become the major carbon sink in the compression zone to increase cell‐wall compression strength, consistent with the fact that increased lignin and decreased cellulose contents are normally found in compression‐stressed tissues ( Schwerin 1958; Timell 1969, Timell 1986). Our results also indicate that the tension stress regulation appears to coordinate the cellulose‐destined carbon distribution with a constant PtCesA expression in both phloem and xylem cells, as indicated by the persistent GUS expression in the tension zone ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

A xylem‐specific cellulose synthase gene from aspen (Populus tremuloides) is responsive to mechanical stress

Joshi

Chiang³

2000

The Plant Journal

133

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Summary Angiosperm trees accumulate an elevated amount of highly crystalline cellulose with a concomitant decrease in lignin in the cell walls of tension‐stressed tissues. To investigate the molecular basis of this tree stress response, we cloned a full‐length cellulose synthase (PtCesA) cDNA from developing xylem of aspen (Populus tremuloides). About 90% sequence similarity was found between the predicted PtCesA and cotton GhCesA proteins. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses of PtCesA gene transcripts in various aspen tissues, and PtCesA gene promoter‐β‐glucuronidase (GUS) fusion analysis in transgenic tobacco, demonstrated conclusively that PtCesA expression is confined to developing xylem cells during normal plant growth. During mechanical stress induced by stem bending, GUS expression remained in xylem and was induced in developing phloem fibers undergoing tension stress, but was turned off in tissues undergoing compression on the opposite side of the bend. Our results suggest a unique role for PtCesA in cellulose biosynthesis in both tension‐stressed and normal tissues in aspen, and that the on/off control of PtCesA expression may be a part of a signaling mechanism triggering a stress‐related compensatory deposition of cellulose and lignin that is crucial to growth and development in trees.

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“…We also observed a significant increase in galactan content. Tension wood of other species, such as Eucalyptus goniocalyx (Schwerin, ), Betula pubescens and B . verrucosa (Gustafsson et al ., ), and Fagus sylvatica (Meier, ), have been shown to exhibit up to two‐ to fourfold more galactose than normal wood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altering carbon allocation in hybrid poplar (Populus alba × grandidentata) impacts cell wall growth and development

Unda

Kim

Hefer

et al. 2017

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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Galactinol synthase is a pivotal enzyme involved in the synthesis of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) that function as transport carbohydrates in the phloem, as storage compounds in sink tissues and as soluble metabolites that combat both abiotic and biotic stress in several plant species. Hybrid poplar (Populus alba × grandidentata) overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana GolS3 (AtGolS3) gene showed clear effects on development; the extreme overexpressing lines were stunted and had cell wall traits characteristic of tension wood, whereas lines with only moderate up‐regulation grew normally and had moderately altered secondary cell wall composition and ultrastructure. Stem cross‐sections of the developing xylem revealed a significant increase in the number of vessels, as well as the clear presence of a G‐layer in the fibres. Furthermore, AtGolS3‐OE lines possessed higher cellulose and lower lignin contents, an increase in cellulose crystallinity, and significantly altered hemicellulose‐derived carbohydrates, notably manifested by their mannose and xylose contents. In addition, the transgenic plants displayed elevated xylem starch content. Transcriptome interrogation of the transgenic plants showed a significant up‐regulation of genes involved in the synthesis of myo‐inositol, along with genes involved in sucrose degradation. The results suggest that the overexpression of GolS and its product galactinol may serve as a molecular signal that initiates metabolic changes, culminating in a change in cell wall development and potentially the formation of tension wood.

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The Chemistry of Reaction Wood. Part II. The Polysaccharides ofEucalyptus goniocalyxandPinus radiata

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Quantitative chemical indicators to assess the gradation of compression wood

Quantitative chemical indicators to assess the gradation of compression wood

A xylem‐specific cellulose synthase gene from aspen (Populus tremuloides) is responsive to mechanical stress

Altering carbon allocation in hybrid poplar (Populus alba × grandidentata) impacts cell wall growth and development

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