The climatology of the Red Sea – part 1: the wind

Langodan, Sabique; Cavaleri, Luigi; Vishwanadhapalli, Yesubabu; Pomaro, Angela; Bertotti, Luciana; Hoteit, Ibrahim

doi:10.1002/joc.5103

Cited by 61 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Furthermore, all data sets suggest that the warming trend exhibits a North-South gradient, with higher warming rates in the Northern Red Sea (Figure 1-lower panel). Langodan et al (2017) reported a gradual reduction of wind strength during the last decades over the Northern Red Sea, which is consistent with the warming SST trend. These spatial patterns are better captured by the two highresolution data sets (AVHRR-OI, OSTIA), but are also pronounced in the lower resolution (HadSST, ERSSTv5) products.…”

Section: Recent Sst Trends (Satellite Era) In the Red Seasupporting

confidence: 83%

Natural Climate Oscillations may Counteract Red Sea Warming Over the Coming Decades

Krokos

Papadopoulos

Sofianos

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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Recent reports of warming trends in the Red Sea raise concerns about the response of the basin's fragile ecosystem under an increasingly warming climate. Using a variety of available Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data sets, we investigate the evolution of Red Sea SST in relation to natural climate variability. Analysis of long‐term SST data sets reveals a sequence of alternating positive and negative trends, with similar amplitudes and a periodicity of nearly 70 years associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. High warming rates reported recently appear to be a combined effect of global warming and a positive phase of natural SST oscillations. Over the next decades, the SST trend in the Red Sea purely related to global warming is expected to be counteracted by the cooling Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation phase. Regardless of the current positive trends, projections incorporating long‐term natural oscillations suggest a possible decreasing effect on SST in the near future.

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Section: Recent Sst Trends (Satellite Era) In the Red Seasupporting

confidence: 83%

Natural Climate Oscillations may Counteract Red Sea Warming Over the Coming Decades

Krokos

Papadopoulos

Sofianos

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…Regulated by the mountains on both the east and west coasts, the winds over the central Red Sea blow orographically along the axis of the basin. The wind speed is affected by large‐scale atmospheric conditions over the Mediterranean Sea and the northern Indian Ocean (Langodan et al, ). In addition, during winter, the northwest winds meet the southeast winds in the central Red Sea to form the Red Sea convergence zone (Viswanadhapalli et al, ).…”

Section: Discussion and Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity Studies of the Red Sea Eddies Using Adjoint Method

et al. 2018

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Adjoint sensitivity analysis is applied to a set of eddies in the Red Sea using a high‐resolution Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model and its adjoint model. Previous studies have reported several eddy events in the Red Sea, namely, a dipole captured on 17 August 2001 in the southern Red Sea, a cyclonic eddy in November 2011 in the northern Red Sea, and an anticyclonic eddy in April 2010 in the central Red Sea. Sensitivity analysis is applied here to investigate the governing factors that control the intensity and evolution of these eddies. The eddies are first reproduced by running the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model forward and their sensitivities to external atmospheric forcing and previous model states are then computed using the adjoint model. In the experiments, (relative) surface vorticity (curl of horizontal velocity) is defined as the objective function. The contributions of forcings and model states are quantified and investigated. The sensitivities to external forcings are distinct in different eddy events. The dipole in the central Red Sea is dominantly sensitive to the cross‐basin eastward wind jet. The anticyclonic eddy in the central Red Sea is most sensitive to the along‐basin wind stress. The cyclonic eddy in the northern Red Sea is sensitive to the net heat flux and to surface elevation perturbations even from the remote southern Red Sea, which is attributed to the propagation of baroclinic Kelvin waves along the coast. Analysis of the sensitivity to model state variables suggests that these eddies are also modulated by the boundary currents and the temperature profile distributions.

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“…A 38‐year (1980–2018) high‐resolution reanalysis (Viswanadhapalli et al ., ; Langodan et al ., , ; Bindu et al ., ; Dasari et al ., ; Viswandhapalli et al ., 2019), generated using the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al ., ) and ERA‐Interim (ERA‐I) reanalysis (Dee et al ., ), was used to study the prevailing anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns over Kerala in August 2018. Generally, global reanalyses provide acts as a good source of information for studying severe weather conditions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A diagnostic study of extreme precipitation over Kerala during August 2018

Viswanadhapalli

Srinivas

Basha

et al. 2019

Atmospheric Science Letters

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The state of Kerala, located on the west coast of India, experienced a record 100‐year flood that resulted in major landslides from unprecedented prolonged and extremely heavy rainfall (50–480 mm·day−1) during August 1–19, 2018, causing extensive damage and about 500 causalities. Rainfall observations indicate that the heavy rainfall occurred over two spells (August 7–10 and 14–18) in association with an offshore trough, and a depression over the Bay of Bengal (BOB). High‐resolution 38‐year climatology data (5 km) and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset show a strong low‐level jet over the Arabian Sea and a depression over the BOB with a southwestward tilt during the heavy rainfall. Very high‐resolution (2‐km) mesoscale model simulations suggest that this high convective instability due to the strong westerly jet along with the formation of offshore vortex, the transport of mid‐tropospheric moisture under the presence of conducive vertical shear of horizontal wind, and transport of mid‐tropospheric moisture from the BOB are the major factors (as shown in the schematic diagram) behind the extreme heavy rainfall over Kerala.

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The climatology of the Red Sea – part 1: the wind

Cited by 61 publications

References 28 publications

Natural Climate Oscillations may Counteract Red Sea Warming Over the Coming Decades

Natural Climate Oscillations may Counteract Red Sea Warming Over the Coming Decades

Sensitivity Studies of the Red Sea Eddies Using Adjoint Method

A diagnostic study of extreme precipitation over Kerala during August 2018

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