The clinical and theoretical importance of EEG rhythms corresponding to states of lowered vigilance

Roth, B.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(61)90008-6

Cited by 123 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…According to original conceptions by Bente [8] and Roth [9] , the following EEG vigilance stages can be observed during the transition from high alertness to relaxed wakefulness to drowsiness and finally sleep onset: • Stage 0: desynchronized non-alpha EEG in the absence of slow horizontal eye movements; found during an activated state (e.g. mental effort) • Stage A (with substages A1, A2, A3): EEG with dominant alpha activity corresponding to relaxed wakefulness, with decreasing vigilance, slight slowing of alpha activity and shift from occipital to more anterior cortices • Stage B1: non-alpha EEG with low amplitude (similar spectral composition as stage 0) but with presence of slow horizontal eye movements; drowsiness • Stage B2/3: non-alpha EEG with predominant theta/ delta activity, occasional occurrence of vertex waves; drowsiness and transition to sleep onset • Stage C: commencing with occurrence of sleep spindles or K complexes; sleep onset More recent studies on changes of EEG activity during the transition from active wakefulness to sleep onset endorse this classification [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] .…”

Section: Assessment Of Wakefulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Wakefulness and Brain Arousal Regulation in Psychiatric Research

Sander¹,

Hensch²,

Wittekind³

et al. 2015

Neuropsychobiology

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tion of wakefulness to the environmental and situational needs so that the optimal balance between energy conservation and responsiveness can be obtained. Since one approach to the assessment of brain arousal regulation is the classification of EEG vigilance stages, a computer-based algorithm (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig) has been introduced, allowing classification of EEG vigilance stages in EEG recordings under resting conditions. The time course of EEG vigilance stages in EEGs of 15-20 min duration allows estimation of the individual arousal regulation (hyperstable, adaptive, or unstable vigilance pattern). The vigilance model of affective disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder links a disturbed arousal regulation to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and accordingly helps to explain and possibly also predict treatment effects of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for these conditions. AbstractDuring the last few decades, much knowledge has been gained about sleep being a heterogeneous condition with several distinct sleep stages that represent fundamentally different physiological states. The same applies for the wake state which also comprises distinct global functional states (called vigilance stages). However, various terms and concepts have been introduced describing different aspects of wakefulness, and accordingly several methods of assessment exist, e.g. sleep laboratory assessments (Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Maintenance of Wakefulness Test), questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), behavioural tasks (Psychomotor Vigilance Test) or electroencephalography (EEG)-based assessments (Alpha Attenuation Test, Karolinska Drowsiness Test). Furthermore, several theoretical concepts about the regulation of sleep and wakefulness have been put forward, and physiological correlates have been identified. Most relevant for healthy functioning is the regulation of brain arousal and the adap-

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Section: Assessment Of Wakefulnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the wake state can also be subdivided into several substages which, just like the sleep stages, can best be classified based on specific EEG features (see below). This knowledge exists since the 1960s, when these substages were first described [8,9] ; however, this has received much less attention compared to the sleep stages.…”

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Assessment of Wakefulness and Brain Arousal Regulation in Psychiatric Research

Sander¹,

Hensch²,

Wittekind³

et al. 2015

Neuropsychobiology

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“…They used a midline bipolar electrode montage and presented clicks at 8-20 s intervals to subjects instructed to fall asleep and pay no attention to the sounds they heard. By visually inspecting the EEG traces, they then categorized each response epoch into one of nine stages of electroencephalographic vigilance according to the criteria of Roth (1961) and Bente (1964). They reported that the click-evoked responses peaks NI and P2 decline in amplitude with decrease in EEG vigilance (i.e., appearance of EEG changes associated with transition to sleep), and that a new N2 potential, with a shorter latency and more posterior scalp distribution, appears in the later sub-stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lapses in alertness: Brain-evoked responses to task-irrelevant auditory probes.

Makeig¹,

Elliott²,

Inlow³

et al. 1992

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…(e.g., Roth, 1961;Berlyne & Lewis, 1963;Voronin & Sokolov, 1960). Berlyne & McDonnell (1965) studied duration of EEG de synchronization using eight pairs of stimuli in which the second differed from the first in terms of (1) irregularity of arrangement, (2) amount of material, (3) heterogeneity of elements, (4) irregularity of shape, (5) incongruity, (6) number of independent units, (7) assymmetry, and (8) random redistribution.…”

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confidence: 99%