The co-constitution of neoliberalism, extractive industries, and indigeneity: Anti-mining protests in Puno, Peru

McDonell, Emma

doi:10.1016/j.exis.2014.10.002

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…There are 36 open-pit mines throughout the country [39]. The environmental impacts of open-pit mining mainly relate to water infiltration and supply to rivers [12,[40][41][42], which impact the socio-economic situation of local households [1,[43][44][45].Most studies have split these biophysical and socio-economic aspects rather than integrating them [43][44][45][46]. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach [47] is suggested to broaden the understanding of the impacts of mining from different perspectives.…”

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Impact of Heavy Metals on Community Farming Activities in the Central Peruvian Andes

et al. 2019

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The high mining potential of the Peruvian Andes has promoted booming foreign investments. The mining activity takes place on campesino community lands and headwaters. Once the government awards a mining concession, mining companies must regularly negotiate land rent with communities over the whole duration of the mining operation, often leading to disagreements. Our research objective is to identify the mining impacts on the farming activities of campesino communities in the Junin region, central Peruvian Andes. Using a mixed-methods approach involving in-depth interviews, water and soil analysis, land-cover classification and participatory mapping, we analyzed the mining-community agreements and the mining impacts on the farming lands. We arrived at two primary conclusions. First, mining activities in terms of heavy metal concentrations impact on farming lands, although the contribution of previous and concurrent activities cannot be distinguished. Second, the diverging and short-termed interests of the involved parties which circumscribe the agreements may potentially lead to conflicts.Minerals 2019, 9, 647 2 of 28 own the land [17,19]. Based on the canon minero, 50% of the taxes from the mining sector is distributed among the affected subnational governments (i.e., district and province) [20][21][22][23]. The subnational governments directly affected by mining may receive up to 70% of this tax [11,18,24], while campesino communities are excluded from receiving it directly. As a result, the communities tend to negotiate compensations separately with the mining companies. Both canon minero and compensations are aimed at reducing land-use conflicts. Despite this, conflicts increased (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011), reduced in 2012 and have remained constant (ca. 162 yearly conflicts) since then [19,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. In 2017, Peru allocated 16 million ha for mining concessions [38], although not all of these became viable mines. The most common mining practice in Peru is open-pit mining, as this model is preferred for exploiting metal deposits. There are 36 open-pit mines throughout the country [39]. The environmental impacts of open-pit mining mainly relate to water infiltration and supply to rivers [12,[40][41][42], which impact the socio-economic situation of local households [1,[43][44][45].Most studies have split these biophysical and socio-economic aspects rather than integrating them [43][44][45][46]. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach [47] is suggested to broaden the understanding of the impacts of mining from different perspectives. In this sense, the overarching objective of this study is to identify the mining impacts on the farming activities of campesino communities in the Junin region. Therefore, we first analyzed the agreements between mining companies and communities via in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Then, we evaluated the influence by open-pit mining sites on the water and soil quality and assessed the effects on farming lands. The foll...

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Impact of Heavy Metals on Community Farming Activities in the Central Peruvian Andes

et al. 2019

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“…Although many of these studies have linked corporate behavior with environmental and social conflicts (McDonell, 2015), they rarely focus on the reciprocal nature of these influences. In this way, with a few exceptions (Bebbington, 2009), they have failed to effectively theorize about the interdependence of production and contestation networks.…”

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The Global Production Network for iron ore: materiality, corporate strategies, and social contestation in Brazil

Santos

Milanez

2015

The Extractive Industries and Society

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“…Las regiones de Cajamarca, Ancash, Junín, Cusco, Puno Huancavelica y Ayacucho se configuraron como las de mayor conflictividad, con diferentes matices; unos por temas ambientales y otros, por una redistribución de los ingresos (Huwiler et al, 2016), o por defensa del agua desde una óptica indigenista en el conflicto llamado "aymarazo" (McDonell, 2015), estableciéndose una correlación entre las inversiones mineras en el Perú con los conflictos socioambientales (Chirinos, 2015). Otro aspecto de la conflictividad entre empresas extractivas, comunidades indígenas y pueblos tribales, es el cumplimiento del convenio 169 de la OIT, referido al derecho a la consulta para pueblos indígenas y tribales; sin embargo, su implementación no ha podido definir el límite de comunidad y pueblo indígena (López, 2014).…”

Section: Conflictividad Socialunclassified

“…Para la Defensoría del Pueblo, las causas de los conflictos son complejas y manejables siempre y cuando estos no devengan en violentos (Defensoría del P., 2015). Si bien la conflictividad social se han incrementado entre empresas extractivas, comunidades y población, sumando a 138 con características socioambientales, los más relevantes están vinculados a los recursos hídricos, mostrando que hay comunidades que perciben que las empresas afectan sus derechos, su propiedad y territorio y los recursos naturales (Arboit y De Rosa, 2014), marcando la vida política del país en los últimos años, se pueden señalar el caso Conga en Cajamarca, Tía (McDonell, 2015), provocando disputas entre comunidades y minería; mientras que sectores públicos y privados pretenden superar estos desafíos, buscando sinergias entre minería y desarrollo (Bebbington y Bury, 2010) evitando que entren en conflicto con la ganadería y la agricultura de subsistencia; a pesar de que compiten por el uso de agua y suelo en zonas superiores a los 3000 msnm (Castro, 2011) a esto se suma la intervención de grupos ilegales que ingresan en territorios abriendo minas con maquinarias ante la inoperancia de las autoridades y la permanente denuncia de las comunidades (Quiñones, 2015).…”

Section: Conflictividad Socialunclassified

“…Los conflictos en el Perú están divididos en dos grupos; por un lado, los conflictos territoriales, contra autoridades entre otros y por otro, tipo socio-ambiental, que están relacionados con actividades extractivas, que a su vez responden a la defensa del ambiente, agua y territorio (Arboit y De Rosa, 2014;Defensoría, 2007;McDonell, 2015); derecho a la consulta (López, 2014;Quiñones, 2015) y distribución de recursos (Huwiler et al, 2016). La tabla 3 nos muestra el proceso evolutivo de los conflictos sociales y los socioambientales, este último motivo de estudio, que está asociado a las inversiones en actividades extractivas.…”

Section: Relación Entre Inversiones Mineras Y Conflictos Socio Ambienunclassified

The co-constitution of neoliberalism, extractive industries, and indigeneity: Anti-mining protests in Puno, Peru

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Impact of Heavy Metals on Community Farming Activities in the Central Peruvian Andes

Impact of Heavy Metals on Community Farming Activities in the Central Peruvian Andes

The Global Production Network for iron ore: materiality, corporate strategies, and social contestation in Brazil

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