The Co-Occurrence of T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, and Fumonisin B1 Activated the Glutathione Redox System in the EU-Limiting Doses in Laying Hens

Abstract

Different mycotoxins in feed lead to combined exposure, increasing adverse effects on animal health. Trichothecene mycotoxins have been associated with inducing oxidative stress, which is neutralized by the glutathione system within the antioxidant defense, depending on the dose and duration of exposure. T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are commonly found in feed commodities simultaneously. In the present study, the intracellular biochemical and gene expression changes were investigated in the case of multi-mycotoxin exposure, focusing on certain elements of the glutathione redox system. In a short-term feeding trial, an in vivo study was performed with low (EU-proposed) doses: T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg; DON/2-AcDON/15-AcDON.: 5 mg; FB1: 20 mg/kg feed, and high doses (twice the low dose) in laying hens. The multi-mycotoxin exposure affected the glutathione system; GSH concentration and GPx activity was higher in the liver in the low-dose group on day 1 compared to the control. Furthermore, the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly on day 1 in both exposure levels compared to the control. The results suggest that when EU-limiting doses are applied, individual mycotoxins may have a synergistic effect in the induction of oxidative stress.

Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Yeast Cell Wall Extract Supple-Mentation during Mycotoxin Challenges on the Performance of Laying Hens

“…The frequent presence of mycotoxins in feed commodities globally has been well described [ 5 , 6 ]. The consumption of these mycotoxins by poultry may harm health and performance with potential impacts that include alteration of gut structure and microbial functions, suppression of immunity and response to vaccinations, reduced body weight gain, induction of oxidative stress, or lower egg production and quality [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These negative effects to laying hens may occur even when mycotoxin concentrations are at levels below EU-proposed limits, as indicated by Kulcsar et al [ 32 ].…”

“…The consumption of these mycotoxins by poultry may harm health and performance with potential impacts that include alteration of gut structure and microbial functions, suppression of immunity and response to vaccinations, reduced body weight gain, induction of oxidative stress, or lower egg production and quality [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. These negative effects to laying hens may occur even when mycotoxin concentrations are at levels below EU-proposed limits, as indicated by Kulcsar et al [ 32 ]. Although mycotoxin challenges are present on-farm, management strategies such as the use of feed additives can be employed to mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins on poultry [ 28 , 35 ].…”

Genetic assessment of the effect of red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus) as a feed additive on mycotoxin toxicity in laying hens

“…Lipid peroxidation is an oxidative attack, resulting from accumulation of reactive intermediates that affects cell membranes and induces apoptosis or necrosis programmed cell death ( Ayala et al, 2014 ). Oxidative stress and the resultant increased lipid peroxidation are well-known effects of mycotoxicity reported in several studies in laying hens ( Bócsai et al, 2015 ; Erdélyi et al, 2018 ; Kulcsár et al, 2021 , 2023 ). To counteract lipid peroxidation, the cellular antioxidant defense system and its encoding genes are activated, whose activation is related to the dose of toxins and the duration of exposure ( Mavrommatis et al, 2021 ).…”

The Effects of T-2 Toxin, Deoxynivalenol, and Fumonisin B1 on Oxidative Stress-Related Genes in the Kidneys of Laying Hens

“…The production of mycotoxins and the contamination of the basal diet were performed according to procedures described in a previous study [ 44 ]. The mycotoxins and their toxic metabolites, including T-2and /HT-2 toxin, DON and its acetylated metabolites (3-AcDON and 15-AcDON), and FB1, were quantified in triplicate using a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method, as follows.…”