The color of urine: then and now—a comprehensive review of the literature with emphasis on intracytoplasmic pigments encountered in urinary cytology

McIntire, Patrick J.; Kılıç, İrem; Wojcik, Eva M.; Barkan, Güliz A.; Pambuccian, Stefan E.

doi:10.1016/j.jasc.2019.05.002

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The tumor may show epithelioid and spindle neoplastic cells in pure or mixed populations. Other rare cell types observed in urothelial melanomas include rhabdoid, clear, small cell, and giant cell morphologies [72,[75][76][77]. The tumor may rarely be mistaken for small cell carcinoma, lymphoma, and plasmacytoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bi-nucleation, multi-nucleation, and occasional intranuclear inclusions are other observed features. Differential diagnoses of melanotic melanomas include pigments such as hemosiderin, lipofuscin, and melanosis [75][76][77][78][79][80][81]. Hemosiderin pigments presenting in histiocytes, and melanosis, defined as the deposition of melanin pigments in urothelial cells theoretically, are accompanied by benign nuclear features of their host cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some poor prognostic factors such as age (>65 years), race (more in African American race), stage of the tumor, size (thickness >3.5 mm and diameter >15mm), ulceration, histologic type, lymph node involvement, presence of satellite lesion and metastasis (especially pulmonary) for this type of melanoma [5][6][7][8][9]12,72,77,102]. The presence of more than one mitotic figure, especially with a thickness of 1.5 mm, has been associated with a poor prognosis [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Genitourinary System: A Systemic Review and Report of Eight Cases

Khayyat¹,

Pour²,

Mousavi³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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Malignant melanoma (MM) of mucosal membranes (excluding anus and head-neck) is a rare but aggressive disease with poor outcomes. The knowledge of this tumor's development, etiology, and management is scarce, mainly due to the low case numbers. We presented eight cases and performed a comprehensive literature review on mucosal MM (between 1970 and 2020). We identified 47 manuscripts on 55 patients with primary mucosal MM (limited to urothelium and vagina) and reviewed demographics, tumor specifications (morphology, stage, etc.), management, and survival. We identified 10 manuscripts discussing treatment in 1595 mucosal and non-mucosal MM and extracted the data regarding the non-surgical treatment modalities of mucosal MM patients.In 63 cases, 48 tumors primarily occurred in the urothelium (urethra: 47, bladder: 1) and 15 in the vagina. Molecular studies in a subset of cases revealed alterations in c-KIT, NRAS, BRAF (non-V600E and V600E), TP53, and NF1. Fifty-three patients underwent surgery (with additional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy in 19, eight, and eight patients, respectively). The outcome was available in 52 cases, showing 21 deaths, 10 without recurrence, two alive with disease, and five lost to follow-up. Shared genetic signatures in mucosal and skin MM suggest a similar development mechanism; however, unlike skin MM, there are less BRAF mutations and more PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway alterations in mucosal MM. Prolonged chemotherapy (i.e., methotrexate) and immune-modulating agents (i.e., natalizumab) may be risk factors. The stage at diagnosis and proper surgical extirpation are keys to the prognosis and survival of patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Genitourinary System: A Systemic Review and Report of Eight Cases

Khayyat¹,

Pour²,

Mousavi³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…Pigmented cells are a rare and unexpected finding in urine cytology, and they can simultaneously provide important diagnostic clues or represent a hazard. The significance of pigmented cells in urine cytology has been studied and discussed [ 65 ]. The principal differential diagnosis for cytoplasmic pigmented granules may include hemosiderin, lipofuscin, and melanin, each of which has a distinct pathogenesis and clinical significance.…”

Section: Main Findings Of the Literature (Review) Questmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-Abdominal Malignant Melanoma: Challenging Aspects of Epidemiology, Clinical and Paraclinical Diagnosis and Optimal Treatment—A Literature Review

et al. 2022

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According to European consensus-based interdisciplinary guidelines for melanoma, cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most deadly form of dermatological malignancy, accounting for 90% of the deaths of skin cancer patients. In addition to cutaneous melanoma, mucosal melanoma occurs in four major anatomical sites, including the upper respiratory tract, the conjunctiva, the anorectal region, and the urogenital area. As this cancer type metastasizes, a classification used in the current medical literature is the distinction between secondary lesions and primary malignant melanoma of the abdominal cavity. Given that malignant melanoma is the most common cancer that spreads to the gastrointestinal tract, different imaging modalities compete to diagnose the phenomenon correctly and to measure its extension. Treatment is primarily surgery-based, supported by immunotherapy, and prolongs survival, even when performed at stage IV illness. In the end, special forms of malignant melanoma are discussed, such as melanoma of the genito-urinary tract and amelanotic/achromic melanoma. The importance of this present literature review relies on yielding and grouping consistent and relevant, updated information on the many aspects and challenges that a clinician might encounter during the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with intra-abdominal melanoma.

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“…Non-physiological pigment accumulation (not associated to high age) is a sign of the tumour transformation of melanocytes. Implication of degenerative changes due to the development of MM, lipofuscin may occur in the urine [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine

et al. 2020

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Malignant melanoma (MM) is a cancerous transformation of melanocytes. It is a disease with the worst response to therapy and, compared to other malignancies, presents much earlier with metastases. MM still belongs to relatively late-detected malignant diseases. Even so, the MM mortality rate is up to 96% for a relatively small incidence (5%). The gold standard for MM diagnosis is a histopathological examination that requires invasive surgery. An invasive sampling method of a biological material can be a stressful factor for the patient, which is often the reason why patients do not seek medical assistance as soon as possible. Our goal was to find a link between metabolites in urine and the stage of MM. Two excitation peaks at 360–370 nm and 450 nm were characterised in spectra of urine samples. The emission spectra have shown one significant peak at 410–460 nm. After addition of glutathione reductase to the samples, fluorescence dropped down only in patient samples and hidden fluorophores appeared. Malignant diseases are associated with the presence of specific metabolites that can be detected fluorescently in biological material such as urine, which can be a suitable alternative for an early detection of cancer or for tracking changes during and after treatment.

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The color of urine: then and now—a comprehensive review of the literature with emphasis on intracytoplasmic pigments encountered in urinary cytology

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Genitourinary System: A Systemic Review and Report of Eight Cases

Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Genitourinary System: A Systemic Review and Report of Eight Cases

Intra-Abdominal Malignant Melanoma: Challenging Aspects of Epidemiology, Clinical and Paraclinical Diagnosis and Optimal Treatment—A Literature Review

Fluorescence biomarkers of malignant melanoma detectable in urine

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