The colour of the granite that built the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

The city of São Paulo, until the 1900s, was restricted to a small central nucleus, also called the Historic Triangle, where there is a concentration of the oldest monuments and buildings of the city. They are built with a number of ornamental stones, but one of these predominates: Itaquera Granite. Currently, it is not quarried, but its exploitation dated from 1888. It was replaced by Gray Mauá Granite after the 1940s, partly because the Itaquera quarry was becoming exhausted and partly due to better technological characteristics of Mauá Granite. There are numerous examples of cultural heritage monuments and buildings made with Itaquera Granite in São Paulo's city. The examples selected for this study are: Saint Anthony's Church, The Girl and the Calf, Nostalgia, the Law School of the University of São Paulo, After the Bath and Amerindian Hunter. The purpose of this article is to characterize Itaquera Granite according to its colorimetric aspects and its colour variation. Colorimetric changes in the stone can be caused by many factors, such as cleaning methods, deposition of atmospheric pollutants, biological colonization, leaching of bronze, dissolution and reprecipitation of mortar, or even by natural causes such as the oxidation or alteration of minerals present in the stone. Measuring the change in colour can be useful for monitoring the development of natural changes, analyzing the effectiveness of treatments, and monitoring the degree of biological colonization in the monuments. In the long run, these data may aid in the treatment and restoration of these monuments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl 41, 241–245, 2016

Synthetic granite composite for precision equipment structures

“…For the specimens preparation was used gravel of Cinza Mauá Granite, abundant in the southeast region of Brazil [19,20], and Araldite® high strength epoxy resin LY 5052 with a tensile strength of 82 MPa according to the manufacturer. Torayca® brand T300 segmented carbon fibers with diameter of 8±0.5 μm with 2.5 mm lengths washed with isopropyl alcohol were used in flexural tests.…”

Patrimônio pétreo paulistano: análise sob a ótica de propagação de ondas ultrassônicas

“…estudos de caracterização da rocha por métodos não destrutivos já foram realizados em alguns monumentos da cidade de São Paulo (auGuSTo, 2009;roDriGueS, 2012;Gimenez;GroSSi;Del lama, 2015;GroSSi et al, 2015;maChaDo, 2015;Del lama et al, 2016).…”

Estudo e análise do estado de conservação das rochas, por método não destrutivo, do Palácio da Justiça de São Paulo

“…Para essa caracterização foram utilizados os métodos não destrutivos aplicados no estudo do patrimônio histórico, como já abordado em diversos trabalhos na cidade de São Paulo (Augusto, 2009;Gimenez, 2012;Rodrigues, 2012;Grossi, 2013;Kuzmickas, 2013;Kanke, 2013;Gimenez e Del Lama, 2014;Kuzmickas e Del Lama, 2014;Machado, 2015;Grossi et al, 2015;Del Lama et al, 2016).…”

“…Em termos de conservação de monumentos e de materiais pétreos o assunto ainda é recente na área das Geociências, mas gradualmente as publicações e trabalhos estão aumentando (Frascá, 2003;Silva e Roeser, 2003;Del Lama, 2006;Baptista Neto et al, 2006;Stern et al, 2006;Philipp e Di Benedetti, 2007;Reys et al, 2008;Del Lama et al, 2008;Teixeira et al, 2008;Costa, 2009;Augusto, 2009;Gimenez, 2012;Rodrigues, 2012;Grossi, 2013;Kuzmickas, 2013;Kanke, 2013;Gimenez e Del Lama, 2014;Kuzmickas e Del Lama, 2014;Machado, 2015 ;Grossi et al, 2015;Del Lama et al, 2016).…”