“…In addition to TRβ1 and TRα, another binding site of thyroid hormone is the cell surface integrin α v β 3 . Physiologic concentrations of thyroid hormones ( l ‐thyroxine (T 4 ) and 3,5,3‐triiodo‐ l ‐thyronine (T 3) ) bind to an integrin α v β 3 receptor on the plasma membrane, and, in vitro , stimulate the growth of various tumor cell lines, including glioma cells, medullary thyroid and papillary thyroid cancer cells, lung cancer cells, breast cancer cells, colorectal cancer cells, pancreatic cancer carcinoma, renal cell cancer cells, and ovarian cancer cells . The growth of tumor cells promoted by thyroid hormone is dependent on activated ERK1/2, and an inhibitor of ERK1/2, PD 98059, inhibits the proliferative activity of the hormone.…”