The combustion of flexible polyurethane foams: Mechanisms and evaluation of flame retardance

Benbow, A.W.; Cullis, C. F.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(75)90151-0

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The finding that this foam is soluble in hot 85% phosphoric acid is further confirmation of such a reac- tion; the foam is crosslinked and in order for it to dissolve, the crosslinks have to be broken. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the oft-proposed hypothesis that phosphoric acid acts as a fire retardant for polyurethanes [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] has been confirmed experimentally. As the haloalkyl phosphates do not release the free acid on pyrolysis, [11][12][13] it would seem unlikely that their mode of action is based on a mechanism involving the acid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…11,12 In the case of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, free phosphoric acid was not detected in the pyrolysis zone under the flame of a burning polyether-based flexible polyurethane foam containing this material. 13 Regarding the second conjecture, in spite of the frequent references suggesting that phosphoric acid is the active species when organophosphates act as fire retardants in urethane foams, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] the actual efficacy of phosphoric acid in this substrate does not seem to have ever actually been subjected to experimental verification. The latter was the objective of the work reported here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…One of the more frequently postulated mechanisms is based on the thermal decomposition of these esters to phosphoric acids, which are claimed to be the actual retardants. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] This postulate is based on two conjectures, that these phosphates decompose thermally to yield free phosphoric or polyphosphoric acids, and that these are effective fire retardants for polyurethane foams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible polyurethane foam. III. Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant

Ravey

Pearce

1999

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Polyurethane foam is flammable. Incorporating flame retardants in the material minimize this property and hence combustion susceptibility. Here, we developed a flame retardant as we synthesis a nanocomposite from polylactic acid (PLA) and kaolin. This was incorporate into flexible polyurethane foam. FTIR of incorporated foam shows peaks at 1099.26 cm -1 and 1267.51 cm -1 attributable to oxysilicane (Si-O-) and organosilicone (Si-C) respectively, suggesting an interaction between the foam and the nanocomposite. SEM was used to present the morphology of the foam formed, while the effect of the nanocomposite on the flame characteristics of polyurethane was studied at varying amount for optimum effect. The results showed that the flame propagation rate, flame duration, and after glow of foams formed decrease while ignition time and char formation increases with increase in the amount of PLA/kaolin nanocomposite incorporated. These results potentially presents PLA/kaolin nanocomposite as a good flame retardant for flexible polyurethane foam.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible polyurethane foam. III. Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant

Ravey

Pearce

1999

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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“…Benbow and Cullis [70] also investigated the mechanisms and evaluation of flame retardance by studying the combustion of flexible polyurethane foams. Thermal degradation studies indicated that at least a part of these flame retardant additives balance.…”

Section: Fig 1 Curing Study Of a Commercial Resinmentioning

confidence: 98%

DTA and DSC studies on polymers containing fire retardants

Bhatnagar¹,

Vergnaud²

1983

Journal of Thermal Analysis

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This publication surveys the results obtained by means of thermal analysis particularly with DTA and DSC methods in the field of synthetic and natural polymers treated with various flame retardant additives.The 167 references citated cover the most important territories of the up to date problems.For several years, differential thermal analysis (DTA and DSC) have been widely used as a screening test and for quality control purposes. The most convenient method for studying polymer oxidation by DTA or DSC is to use the instrument in isothermal mode. Typically, thermal equilibrium is established with nitrogen flowing over the sample and the gas is then changed to oxygen or air.In the instruments, a Perkin-Elmer model DSC-2 Calorimeter and SETARAM-DSC III are well known. The capability of the DSC III for doing a gas sweeping of the sample allows the study of solid-gas reactions. The quantitative measurements obtained with different gases are reproducible and can be compared because the sensitivity of the calorimeter is not modified by the nature and the flow-rate of the gas.In the Perkin-Elmer Model DSC-2, the sample weighing between 1 and 20 mg is placed in an open pan in the DSC head, the sample cup closed with a perforated cover and the head closed. At this stage, Billingham et al, found that the temperature was 320 K and an oxygen flow of 30 ml min-1 was maintained in the head. The sample was heated to the required temperature at 320 K min-1 and the recorder and data logger started at the point where thermal equilibrium was indicated. There was a small thermal lag involved due to the sample melting, but this took less than 1 minute and they found this method easier than attempting to change the flowing gas, because of the long gas flow path of the DSC head.

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“…6 Recently, the focus has been put on phasing out the use of halogenated species in flame retardants for polyurethane foams. Some of the more successful additives in terms of nonsmoldering, nonfogging alternatives are ethyl phosphate oligomers and monofunctional phosphates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intumescent foams—A novel flame retardant system for flexible polyurethane foams

Andersson

Magnusson

Troedsson

et al. 2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A combination of intumescent components was evaluated as a novel flame retardant system in a flexible polyurethane foam, and the incorporation of these components gave rise to a significant enhancement of the flame retardant properties of the foam. The heat release rate was lowered at an early stage as well as throughout the fire, the total heat production was decreased and the time to ignition was prolonged. Mechanical measurements of the foam revealed enhanced properties in terms of stiffness accompanied by a large decrease in elongation at break as compared with a reference foam.

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The combustion of flexible polyurethane foams: Mechanisms and evaluation of flame retardance

Cited by 36 publications

References 6 publications

Flexible polyurethane foam. III. Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant

Flexible polyurethane foam. III. Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant

DTA and DSC studies on polymers containing fire retardants

Intumescent foams—A novel flame retardant system for flexible polyurethane foams

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