2009
DOI: 10.1016/j.polsoc.2009.01.002
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The coming carbon market and its impact on the American economy

Abstract: The likely centerpiece of U.S. legislation to address climate change will be a cap-and-trade program that creates a market for greenhouse gases (GHGs). Whether the onset of a cap-and-trade system and additional complementary policies would provide a benefit or a cost to our economy has been the subject of much modeling and debate. This paper argues that while climate policy does not come without cost, modeling of the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act demonstrates that these costs are not substantial and ca… Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Trading in the carbon market allows the regulated party to choose either reducing GHG emissions or buying carbon credit. 31 The cap-and-trade program also provides benefits for renewable energy generation, as the cap increases the costs of fossil fuel generation, which, in turn, increases the market competitiveness of renewable energy power generation. 32…”
Section: Drivers For Renewable Energy Production Capacitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Trading in the carbon market allows the regulated party to choose either reducing GHG emissions or buying carbon credit. 31 The cap-and-trade program also provides benefits for renewable energy generation, as the cap increases the costs of fossil fuel generation, which, in turn, increases the market competitiveness of renewable energy power generation. 32…”
Section: Drivers For Renewable Energy Production Capacitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…在应对气候变化的政策、 技术、 法律、 市场等多 种途径中, 碳市场在理论和实践层面均被证明为一 种低成本、 高效率的温室气体减排手段 [1,2] 。碳排放 配额 (下称 "配额" ) 分配是碳市场运行的基础和核 心环节, 不同的配额分配方法意味着不同的减排成 本和减排收益, 关乎碳市场运行的成败 [2,3] 。配额分 配方法的选取, 往往是新兴碳市场设计之初争论的 焦点 [3][4][5] 问题尤为突出 [4,6,7] 。在此背景下, 统一按照历史法或 基准线法分配配额可能会加剧中国区域发展的不 平衡 [1,8] 。针对上述问题, 本文研究团队在 2017 年提 出了 "历史-基准趋近法" 的初步构想 [9] [10,11] 。作为有偿分配的主 要形式, 拍卖具有碳价发现功能, 可以提升碳市场 运行效率, 又可体现 "谁排放谁买单, 排多少买多 少" 的公平性原则, 被认为是最理想的配额分配方 式 [12] 。不过, 拍卖会引起企业减排成本迅速上升, 且 部分行业由于存在国家指导价格, 无法将此成本传 到下游行业或消费者 (如电力行业) , 有损行业竞争 力, 甚至降低碳市场整体效率 [10,13] [14] 。历史法对数据要求相对简单, 适 用于生产工艺复杂、 分工序能源计量准确性较低的 行业 [5] 。但历史法存在 "鞭打快牛" 效应, 不利于激 励先进企业技术创新 [15] , 且易造成配额超发, 进而导 致交易价格低迷, 影响碳市场运行效率 [3] 。此外, 由 于新建企业缺乏历史排放数据, 历史法难以在既有 企业和新建企业之间统一 [5] 。基准线法根据产品或 行业的排放基准 (平均值或先进值) 和企业自身产 出确定碳配额数量, 适用于产品同质性高、 技术水 平差异较小的行业。在 "一产品一基准值" 原则下, 先进企业能获得相对富裕的碳配额, 将富余部分出 售可获得减排收益, 从而避免了 "鞭打快牛" 效应, 也可激发企业进行减排技术研发升级 [5] 。但是, 若 碳市场所覆盖区域存在较大的行业内排放差异, 基准 线法的实施将对落后企业形成 "拔苗助长" 效应 [9] 。 此外, 基准线法对数据要求高, 不仅要严格划分产 品类别, 而且要求企业将不同产品产生的碳排放区 分开, 导致基准值的确定异常繁琐 [5] 。 目前, 全球约有 60 个国家或者地区启动了碳市 场 [16] , 但由于每个碳市场的数据基础和排放现状不 同, 采用的免费配额分配方法也不尽相同。 在免费配额分配方法中国化应用的讨论中, 理 论界将碳排放区域间差异问题 [4,7,9] 、 配额分配与减排 政策目标协同问题 [17,18] 视为全国统一碳市场配额分 配方案设计需要重点考虑的两大问题。段茂盛 [4] 基 于区域排放差异提出一种中央-地方两级管理的 配额分配方案, 即配额分配方法统一由中央制定, 并给出区域 (行业) 调整系数的选择范围, 以此减轻 区域碳排放差异的影响; 李峰等 [19] 认为调整系数的 应用会增加企业与政府讨价还价的余地, 应适当限 制有争议的各类调节系数的使用; 何建坤 [18] 从新时 代低碳发展战略的视角, 提出碳市场要把各项节能 减排的指标和考核加以统筹考虑; 张希良 [17] [20] ; 熊灵等 [21] 通过归纳研究, 证实了历史法在中国...…”
Section: 引言unclassified
“…Reference [14] the United States formulated trade policy to control carbon emissions, the establishment of a well-designed carbon trading market to develop carbon price will be a major factor for enterprises to reduce costs and promote the innovation. In the establishment of carbon trading market, we must also formulate relevant supporting policies, such as incentives related to such, only in this way can be more effectively prompted the U.S. transition to a low carbon economy.…”
Section: Carbon Finance Literature Reviewmentioning
confidence: 99%