The Common Approaches of Nitrogen Removal in Bioretention System

Abstract

Bioretention is considered one of the best management practices (BMPS) for managing stormwater quality and quantity. The bioretention system has proven good performance in removing total suspended solids, oil, and heavy metals. The nitrogen (N) removal efficiency of the bioretention system is insufficient, however, due to the complex forms of nitrogen. Therefore, this paper aims to review recent enhancement approaches to nitrogen (N) removal and to discuss the factors influencing bioretention efficiency. To improve bioretention efficiency, several factors should be considered when designing bioretention systems, including nitrogen concentration, climate factors, and hydrological factors. Further, soil and plant selection should be appropriate for environmental conditions. Three design improvement approaches have been reviewed. The first is the inclusion of a saturated zone (SZ), which has been used widely. The SZ is shown to have the best performance in nitrogen removal. The second approach (which is less popular) is the usage of additives in the form of a mixture with soil media or as a separated layer. This concept is intended to be applied in tropical regions with wet soil conditions and a short dry period. The third approach combines the previous two approaches (enhanced filter media and applying a SZ). This approach is more efficient and has recently attracted more attention. This study suggests that further studies on the third approach should be carried out. Applying amendment material through filter media and integrating it with SZ provides appropriate conditions to complete the nitrogen cycle. This approach is considered a promising method to enhance nitrogen removal. In general, the bioretention system offers a promising tool for improving stormwater quality.

Impact of Environmental Factors and System Structure on Bioretention Evaporation Efficiency

“…The bioretention simulated runoff in the trial experiment was computed by the storm strength formula for Kunshan. Designed storm strength (i) could be calculated by Equation (1), which was given in a report published by the Kunshan city government: i = 9.5336(1 + 0.5917 l g T M )…”

“…(t + 5.9828) 0.6383 (1) where; T M -storm recurrence period (yr), t-rainfall duration (min), and i-designed storm strength.…”

“…Bioretention is an effective low impact development (LID) technology for stormwater management of first-flush rainwater treatment in small scale catchments, which is a potential method for processing water quality and managing water quantity [1,2]. Bioretention is a soil-vegetation system, also known as rain garden, controlling water quantity by filtration and evaporation, and removing pollutants through filtration, adsorption, microbe exchange, and other functions in the soil [3][4][5][6].…”

Nutrient Removal Efficiencies in a Bioretention Cell Using Pre-Treated Coconut By-Product as Carbon Source

“…Therefore, the resulting effluent sample projected a slightly higher AN concentration for a certain trial week. This may not happen in the real condition of bioretention at the actual site as the role of the plant can help to convert NH4 + into organic form via plant uptake [13].…”

Pemanfaatan Elektrik Bioretensi dalam Menurunkan Kadar Escherichia coli dan Total Bakteri Koliform Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Air pada Drainase Perkotaan

“…Vegetasi dapat memperlambat aliran limpasan, menyediakan kondisi atmosfer yang nyaman, dan menciptakan pemandangan yang estetis, di antara manfaat lainnya. Tanaman juga menyerap polutan, meminimalkan tingkat polusi dan meningkatkan aktivitas mikroba [14]. Tumbuhan dan pepohonan sangat mempengaruhi suhu dan lingkungan sekitar, selain meningkatkan evapotranspirasi dan evaporasi suatu daerah, sehingga mendinginkan suhu.…”