The Comparison of Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-6 and IL-18) and Immune Cells in Japanese Encephalitis Patients With Different Progression

Abstract

BackgroundJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. Nowadays, no effective and specific therapy for JE patients is available except supportive treatment. The fatality rate of JE patients is still about 30%, and more than half of survivors suffered from various neuropsychiatric sequelae. Thus, more attention should be paid to JE.MethodsIn this study, a retrospective cohort of JE patients was collected and the general features of JE patients admitted into the Department of Infectious Diseases were analyzed. Meanwhile, the dynamic change of plasma cytokines and immune cells in JE patients with divergent prognosis was detected and analyzed.ResultsWe found a mounted proportion of adult/old patients in JE cases. The level of IL-6 and IL-18 increased in JE patients especially in fatal individuals. There was a continuous decreased percentage of CD4+ T and B cells in severe JE patients with fatal outcome compared with the surviving JE patients.ConclusionsThe consistent high level of IL-6 and IL-18 in the plasma and low proportion of CD4+ T and B cells in the PBMCs might be the indicators of poor prognosis.

Interleukin-18 cytokine in immunity, inflammation, and autoimmunity: Biological role in induction, regulation, and treatment

“…IL-18 have been shown to be a diagnostic marker and predictor of inflammatory conditions like myocardial ischemia ( 106 ), acute respiratory distress syndrome ( 107 , 108 ), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( 109 ), post infectious bronchiolitis obliterans ( 110 ) and sepsis-induced multi organ injury ( 111 ). IL-18 has also received increase attention in the pathophysiology of neuro-vascular diseases such as in intracerebral hemorrhage ( 112 ), Japanese encephalitis ( 113 ), ocular Behcet disease ( 114 ), abdominal aortic aneurysm ( 115 ), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( 116 ), glioma ( 117 ) and most interestingly in cognitive impairment ( 118 ) and agitation in severe mental disease ( 119 ).…”

Antiviral and anti‐inflammatory activity of natural compounds against Japanese encephalitis virus via inhibition of NS5 protein and regulation of key immune and inflammatory signaling pathways

“…Based on this analysis, we have found that IL6, AKT1, TNF , and PTGS2 exhibited higher interactions and could be considered potential host targets for these natural compounds, as these proteins are also involved in the modulation of key pathways like immune and inflammatory pathways during JE infection. Studies have demonstrated that AKT1, IL6, TNF, and PTGS2 are important players in the immune inflammatory mechanisms associated with JEV infection 43–47 …”

“…Based on thisanalysis, we have found that IL6, AKT1, TNF, and PTGS2 exhibited higher interactions and could be considered potential host targets for these natural compounds, as these proteins are also involved in the modulation of key pathways like immune and inflammatory pathways during JE infection. Studies have demonstrated that AKT1, IL6, TNF, and PTGS2 are important players in the immune inflammatory mechanisms associated with JEV infection [43][44][45][46][47]. To predict the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of andrographolide, berberine, curcumin, resveratrol, and retinoic acid during JE, we performed GO enrichment analysis of the respective overlapping potential targets of JE and natural compounds.…”