The comparison of protein-entrapped liposomes and lipoparticles: preparation, characterization, and efficacy of cellular uptake

Abstract

Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA)-loaded polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified liposomes and lipoparticles with high protein entrapment were developed. The lipid formula of the liposomes contained PEGylated lipids and unsaturated fatty acids for enhancing membrane fluidity and effective delivery into cells. The preparation techniques, lipid content, and PEG-modified lipoparticle ratios were evaluated. The PEG-modified lipoparticles prepared by ethanol injection extrusion (100 nm pore size) achieve a population of blank liposomes with a mean size of 125 ± 2.3 nm and a zeta potential of −12.4 ± 1.5 mV. The average particle size of the PEG-modified lipoparticles was 133.7 ± 8.6 nm with a zeta potential of +13.3 mV. Lipoparticle conformation was determined using transmission electron microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The FITC-BSA encapsulation efficiency was dramatically increased from 19.0% for liposomes to 59.7% for lipoparticles. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results confirmed the preparation process, and an 8-hour leaching test did not harm the protein structure. Once prepared, the physical and chemical stability of the PEG-modified lipoparticle formulations was satisfactory over 90 days. In vitro retention tests indicated that the 50% retention time for the protein-containing lipoparticles was 7.9 hours, substantially longer than the liposomes at 3.3 hours. A Caco-2 cell model was used for evaluating the cytotoxicity and cell uptake efficiency of the PEG-modified lipoparticles. At a lipid content below 0.25 mM, neither the liposomes nor the lipoparticles caused significant cellular cytotoxicity ( P < 0.01) and FITC-BSA was significantly taken up into cells within 60 minutes ( P < 0.01).

<p>Green Synthesized BSA-Coated Selenium Nanoparticles Inhibit Bacterial Growth While Promoting Mammalian Cell Growth</p>

“…Previous studies have further characterized SeNPs commonly used in our experiments. [15][16][17] Mammalian Cell Activity Culture and Characterization…”

“…14 Researchers have shown that SeNPs may be used as a coating or directly in solution at dosages that reduce bacterial and cancerous growth while maintaining or promoting mammalian cell function. 9,[15][16][17][18][19] To fully utilize the potential of SeNPs, improved synthesis schemes are needed. Many SeNP schemes are multistep processes that involve the use of harsh solvents, such as benzene and toluene, 20 and/or strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide.…”

<p>Comparison of cytocompatibility and anticancer properties of traditional and green chemistry-synthesized tellurium nanowires</p>

“…29,30 Therefore, new methods are needed, and green chemistry offers a suitable and novel answer, with the safe and environmentally friendly design, manufacturing, and use of chemical products that do not produce toxic and harsh by-products. 31,32 Green chemistry is considered an alternative approach in that it combines materials coming from synthetic chemistry and nature to overcome issues from traditional synthesis. Green chemistry approaches are especially useful for the generation of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), which have nanometric structures that effectively and efficiently address concerns in both health care and industrial applications.…”

In Vivo Anti-HIV Activity of the Heparin-Activated Serine Protease Inhibitor Antithrombin III Encapsulated in Lymph-Targeting Immunoliposomes

“…There has been no cell toxicity reported after administration of proteins encapsulated in conventional or sterically stabilized liposomes [43], [48], [49]. To assess the therapeutic index (TI) of our liposomes we tested for cytotoxicity over a wide dose range.…”