“…In Apiaceae plastomes, gene order and genome structure are significantly conserved [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. However, while for land plant’s plastomes (from early non-vascular plants to angiosperms), a general trend of IR enlarging can be seen [ 1 , 29 ], in the Apioideae subfamily of Apiaceae, a contrary tendency of IR shrinking is observed [ 26 , 30 ].…”