The complete mitochondrial genome of Choroterpides apiculata (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and its phylogenetic relationships

Abstract

The complete mitochondrial genome of Choroterpides apiculata (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) is typically a circular molecule of 15,199 bp in length, containing 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, and two rRNAs) and one control region. The overall A þ T content of the whole genome is 74% and the A þ T content of the control region is 79.7%. In Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic trees using 24 species from 13 families of Ephemeroptera, the monophyly of the families Isonychiidae, Heptageniidae, Vietnamellidae, Leptophlebiidae, Caenidae, and Baetidae were highly supported and C. apiculata was a sister group to Habrophlebiodes zijinensis.

Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation oftrnIrearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships

“…Twenty-four formerly published mayfly mitogenomes along with the newly determined sequences (Table 1) were used in the phylogenetic analyses to discuss the relationships of Ephemeroptera (Zhang et al, 2008;Li, Qin & Zhou, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2016;Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). Because long-branch attraction existed in species of Baetidae, we deleted two species of Baetidae and rebuilt the BI and ML phylogenetic trees.…”

“…Differences in mitochondrial sequences of Ephemeroptera were mainly determined by different sizes of the CR. Among all sequenced Ephemeroptera mitogenomes (Table 1) (Zhang et al, 2008;Li, Qin & Zhou, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2016;Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020), the length of the mitogenome of S. chinensis (16,616 bp) was the longest because of the longest CR (1,829 bp) (Li, Qin & Zhou, 2014), whereas that of Baetis sp. PC-2010 (GU936204) (14,883 bp) was the shortest CR (340 bp).…”

“…The locations and orientations of the 13 PCGs within the six mitogenomes were identical to those of most mayfly species (Tables S3, S4). The majority of the PCGs within the six mitogenomes began with conventional initiation codons, except TTG that was used for ND3 Incomplete terminal codons perform a significant function in polycistronic transcription cleavage and polyadenylation processes (Anderson et al, 1981;Ojala, Montoya & Attardi, 1981), which can be commonly observed in Ephemeroptera mitogenomes (Zhang et al, 2008;Li, Qin & Zhou, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2016;Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). The average A+T contents of the 13 PCGs within the six mitogenomes ranged from 60.4% to 65.5% (Table 2).…”

“…By contrast, Ephemerellidae was supported as a monophyletic group via phylogenetic trees based on sequences of 12S, 16S, 18S, 28S and H3 genes, but the relationships with Teloganellidae and Vietnamellidae remained problematic (Ogden et al, 2009). In addition, Ephemerellidae was supported as the sister clade to Vietnamellidae via phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomes of Ephemeroptera, whereas Teloganellidae was not a sister clade of Ephemerellidae and Vietnamellidae (Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020). Hence, the systematics of Ephemerellidae needed to be clarified by further studies.…”

“…Because of their features including fast evolution rates, small genome sizes, low sequence recombination and maternal inheritance, mitogenomes have been used extensively as molecular markers for phylogenetic analyses and comparative or evolutionary genomic research (Boore, 2006;Cameron, 2014a;Ma et al, 2015;Cheng et al, 2016). Currently, 29 complete (or nearly complete) mitogenomes of Ephemeroptera from thirteen families have been released on NCBI (Zhang et al, 2008;Li, Qin & Zhou, 2014;Tang et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2016;Cai et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018b;Ye et al, 2018;Song et al, 2019;Cao et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020), but there was only one partial mitogenome of Ephemerellidae. These small numbers of mitogenomes have restricted our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the Ephemerellidae.…”