The Complete Mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: Novel In-Sights into the Phylogenetics in Toxocaridae

Xie, Yue; Wang, Lidan; Chen, Yijun; Wang, Zhao; Zhu, Pengchen; Hu, Zun; Han, Xinfeng; Wang, Zhisheng; Zhou, Xuan; Zuo, Zhicai

doi:10.3390/ani12243546

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…The complete mt genome sequences of T. apodemi were the first to be sequenced, with a length of 14303 bp (Accession no. OR241493), which was similar to those of T. canis (14322 bp) and T. malaysiensis (14266 bp), shorter than those of T. vitulorum (15045 bp), and longer than those of T. cati (14029 bp) (Li et al 2008; Xie et al 2022). The complete mt genome of T. apodemi contained 12 PCGs ( cox 1- cox 3, cyt b, atp 6, nad 1- nad 6, and nad 4L), 22 tRNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and 2 non-coding regions (NCRs) (Table 1, Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…“T” as the termination codon also appeared in atp 6, nad 5, and nad 4L, which was the same as congeneric species. However, in the nad 2 gene, TAG was the termination codon in T. apodemi , and “TA” or “T” were the termination codons in other species in Toxocara (Li et al 2008; Xie et al 2022). The mt genomes of T. apodemi had relatively compact structures, with fewer spacer regions and short overlaps between some adjacent genes, in which 11 intergenic spacers fluctuated with 1 to 9 bp, and 5 overlaps were 1–2 bp in length (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the RSCU of AGC was 0.27, 0.29, 0.16, and 0.18 in T. cati, T. malaysiensis, T. vitulorum, and T. apodemi, respectively. However, it was 0.06 in T. canis (Li et al 2008;Meng et al 2019;Xie et al 2022).…”

Section: Comparative Mitogenomicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Ascaris (Li et al 2008;Zhou et al 2020;Xie et al 2022), and slightly lower than those of Parascaris equorum in Ascaridoidea (70.25%) (Gao et al 2019). The comparison analysis showed that the A+T content of the second coding position of the 12 PCGs was more similar than those of the first and the third coding positions among five Toxocara species (Figure 1).…”

Section: General Features Of T Apodemi Mitogenomementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Sequences were assembled manually and aligned against the mt genome sequences from Toxocara species using the program Clustal X (v. 1.83) and the MegAlign procedure within the DNAStar (Burland 2000;Larkin et al 2007). The boundaries of 12 protein-coding gene (PCG) sequences, the 16S ribosomal RNA (rrnL) gene, and the 12S ribosomal RNA (rrnS) gene were determined using the mt genome sequences of other Toxocara nematodes available in GenBank using the software MEGA X (Li et al 2008;Kumar et al 2018;Xie et al 2022). A total of 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were identified using the online tool tRNA scan-SE (http://lowelab.ucs c.edu/tRNAscan-SE) or via visual inspection.…”

Section: Genome Sequence Assembly and Gene Annotationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Gao,

Hu,

et al. 2024

J. Helminthol.

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We first sequenced and characterised the complete mitochondrial genome of Toxocara apodeme, then studied the evolutionary relationship of the species within Toxocaridae. The complete mitochondrial genome was amplified using PCR with 14 specific primers. The mitogenome length was 14303 bp in size, including 12 PCGs (encoding 3,423 amino acids), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and 2 NCRs, with 68.38% A+T contents. The mt genomes of T. apodemi had relatively compact structures with 11 intergenic spacers and 5 overlaps. Comparative analyses of the nucleotide sequences of complete mt genomes showed that T. apodemi had higher identities with T. canis than other congeners. A sliding window analysis of 12 PCGs among 5 Toxocara species indicated that nad4 had the highest sequence divergence, and cox1 was the least variable gene. Relative synonymous codon usage showed that UUG, ACU, CCU, CGU, and UCU most frequently occurred in the complete genomes of T. apodemi. The Ka/Ks ratio showed that all Toxocara mt genes were subject to purification selection. The largest genetic distance between T. apodemi and the other 4 congeneric species was found in nad2, and the smallest was found in cox2. Phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs demonstrated that T. apodemi formed a distinct branch and was always a sister taxon to other congeneric species. The present study determined the complete mt genome sequences of T. apodemi, which provide novel genetic markers for further studies of the taxonomy, population genetics, and systematics of the Toxocaridae nematodes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparative Mitogenomicsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: General Features Of T Apodemi Mitogenomementioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Genome Sequence Assembly and Gene Annotationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Gao,

Hu,

et al. 2024

J. Helminthol.

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Year after year: Recurrent Toxocara vitulorum infections in American bison (Bison bison) calves in a zoo

Ebmer,

Unterköfler,

Lindhorst

et al. 2024

International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife

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Mitogenomic phylogenies suggest the resurrection of the subfamily Porrocaecinae and provide insights into the systematics of the superfamily Ascaridoidea (Nematoda: Ascaridomorpha), with the description of a new species of Porrocaecum

Guo

Chen

et al. 2023

Parasites Vectors

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Background The family Toxocaridae is a group of zooparasitic nematodes of veterinary, medical and economic significance. However, the evolutionary relationship of Porrocaecum and Toxocara, both genera currently classified in Toxocaridae, and the monophyly of the Toxocaridae remain under debate. Moreover, the validity of the subgenus Laymanicaecum in the genus Porrocaecum is open to question. Due to the scarcity of an available genetic database, molecular identification of Porrocaecum nematodes is still in its infancy. Methods A number of Porrocaecum nematodes collected from the Eurasian marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus) (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) in the Czech Republic were identified using integrated morphological methods (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular techniques (sequencing and analyzing the nuclear 18S, 28S and ITS regions). The complete mitochondrial genomes of the collected nematode specimens and of Porrocaecum (Laymanicaecum) reticulatum (Linstow, 1899) were sequenced and annotated for the first time. Phylogenetic analyses of ascaridoid nematodes based on the amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes of mitochondrial genomes were performed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Results A new species of Porrocaecum, named P. moraveci n. sp., is described based on the morphological and genetic evidence. The mitogenomes of P. moraveci n. sp. and P. reticulatum both contain 36 genes and are 14,517 and 14,210 bp in length, respectively. Comparative mitogenomics revealed that P.moraveci n. sp. represents the first known species with three non-coding regions and that P. reticulatum has the lowest overall A + T content in the mitogenomes of ascaridoid nematodes tested to date. Phylogenetic analyses showed the representatives of Toxocara clustered together with species of the family Ascarididae rather than with Porrocaecum and that P. moraveci n. sp. is a sister to P. reticulatum. Conclusions The characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of P. moraveci n. sp. and P. reticulatum is reported for the first time. Mitogenomic phylogeny analyses indicated that the family Toxocaridae is non-monophyletic and that the genera Porrocaecum and Toxocara do not have an affinity. The validity of the subgenus Laymanicaecum in Porrocaecum was also rejected. Our results suggest that: (i) Toxocaridae should be degraded to a subfamily of the Ascarididae that includes only the genus Toxocara; and (ii) the subfamily Porrocaecinae should be resurrected to include only the genus Porrocaecum. The present study enriches the database of ascaridoid mitogenomes and provides a new insight into the systematics of the superfamily Ascaridoidea. Graphical Abstract

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The Complete Mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: Novel In-Sights into the Phylogenetics in Toxocaridae

Cited by 3 publications

References 82 publications

Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Year after year: Recurrent Toxocara vitulorum infections in American bison (Bison bison) calves in a zoo

Mitogenomic phylogenies suggest the resurrection of the subfamily Porrocaecinae and provide insights into the systematics of the superfamily Ascaridoidea (Nematoda: Ascaridomorpha), with the description of a new species of Porrocaecum

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