The complex impact crater Jebel Waqf as Suwwan in Jordan: Effects of target heterogeneity and impact obliquity on central uplift formation

The theoretical plausibility of central pit crater formation via melt drainage

“…Geologic mapping studies which measure block size find that the block size increases with increasing distance from the crater center (e.g. Kenkmann et al, 2006Kenkmann et al, , 2010. This suggests that the fracture density likely decreases with increasing distance from the crater center.…”

The Modification Stage of Crater Formation

“…An average block size of approximately 100 m was determined from the Vorotiv Deep Borehole (5374 m) drilled through the central uplift of the 40 km diameter Puchezh-Katunki impact crater in Russia (Ivanov et al, 1996). Mapping at Upheaval Dome, USA (7 km diameter; Kenkmann et al, 2006), and Waqf as Suwwan, Jordan (6 km diameter; Kenkmann et al, 2010), impact structures ( Fig. 5.3b) revealed 50-100-m-scale block sizes, with evidence of both a lithological control on block size (smaller blocks were observed in limestone relative to chert) and an increase in block size as a function of distance from the crater centre, which is in accordance with theoretical models of rock fragmentation (Grady and Kipp, 1987).…”

The Last 15,000 Years: Climate-Controlled and “Rare-Event”-Triggered/Rise and Fall of Holocene Cultures in the Near/Middle East and in Central Europe—Evidence and Background

“…There does exist another massive coincidence at the end of RCC 1 with Hoyle's Comet [4] and the cooling 8k-event in higher latitudes [42]. In connection with a drought interval in the Near/Middle East, Red Sea Region [6], the Cultures of CAYӦNÜ, CATAL HÜYÜK, and AIN GHAZAL found their end.…”

“…"The weather looked terrible… The ANNUNAKI (spirits of depths) raised up their torches to inflame the Country by their horrible brightness… Because of ADAD (God of weather) the sky fell into oppression, all brightness changing in darkness… The Country, the wide, broke like a pot… The southern storm blew for one day going to dip the mountains into water… Like a battle to subject human beings …Nobody can see each other… By this 'DELUGE' the Deities frightened… The Deities remained weeping… Six days and seven nights continued the winds, the 'DELUGE'… The hurricane eroded the country… On the approaching seventh day the hurricane stopped the 'DELUGE'… Looking around for one day there was silence… And mankind was completely transformed into soil" Thus, not only impact insiders may read evidence of typical impact features like wildfire [1], cataclysm [2], whirlstorm from south [3], erosion by tsunami [4], being close to the Sea [5], and complete destruction and extinction at all [6]. The setting described, was the Lowland of Mesopotamia that opens to the Persian Gulf and to possible tsunamis herewith.…”

“…After the discovery of Jebel Waqf as Suwwan Meteorite Crater (JWS), Jordan [1]- [4], some of the authors meanwhile focused on further uncommon geologic and impact-suspicious occurrences in the Near/Middle East [5].…”