The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale

Millero, Frank J.; Feistel, Rainer; Wright, Daniel G.; McDougall, Trevor J.

doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001

Cited by 969 publications

(802 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Eh ranged from À106 to À54 mV (Supplementary Table S1). Cl À , SO 4 2À , Na þ , K þ , Mg 2 þ , and Ca 2 þ in groundwater indicated 10-100 times lower concentrations than those found in surface seawater (Millero et al, 2008). Br À and I À were much lower than those of ancient seawater samples from natural gas fields (Mochimaru et al, 2007a, b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial methane production in deep aquifer associated with the accretionary prism in Southwest Japan

et al. 2009

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To identify the methanogenic pathways present in a deep aquifer associated with an accretionary prism in Southwest Japan, a series of geochemical and microbiological studies of natural gas and groundwater derived from a deep aquifer were performed. Stable carbon isotopic analysis of methane in the natural gas and dissolved inorganic carbon (mainly bicarbonate) in groundwater suggested that the methane was derived from both thermogenic and biogenic processes. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed the dominance of H 2 -using methanogens in the groundwater. Furthermore, the high potential of methane production by H 2 -using methanogens was shown in enrichments using groundwater amended with H 2 and CO 2 . Bacterial 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that fermentative bacteria inhabited the deep aquifer. Anaerobic incubations using groundwater amended with organic substrates and bromoethanesulfonate (a methanogen inhibitor) suggested a high potential of H 2 and CO 2 generation by fermentative bacteria. To confirm whether or not methane is produced by a syntrophic consortium of H 2 -producing fermentative bacteria and H 2 -using methanogens, anaerobic incubations using the groundwater amended with organic substrates were performed. Consequently, H 2 accumulation and rapid methane production were observed in these enrichments incubated at 55 and 65 1C. Thus, our results suggested that past and ongoing syntrophic biodegradation of organic compounds by H 2 -producing fermentative bacteria and H 2 -using methanogens, as well as a thermogenic reaction, contributes to the significant methane reserves in the deep aquifer associated with the accretionary prism in Southwest Japan.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial methane production in deep aquifer associated with the accretionary prism in Southwest Japan

et al. 2009

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“…A remarkable characteristic of seawater is that the relative chemical composition of seawater is fairly uniform around the world. This allows seawater to be treated as an aqueous solution of a single salt at varying concentration by using "Absolute Salinity," defined to be the "mass fraction of dissolved materials in seawater" [14]. The physical properties of seawater can thus be expressed as function of just temperature, pressure, and salinity.…”

Section: Been Made By the International Association For The Propertiementioning

confidence: 99%

“…where S is salinity in g/kg and MW s is the weighted average of the molecular weight of each dissolved solute in seawater [14]:…”

Section: Extending the Correlation To 0 ≤ P ≤ 12 Mpamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mass fraction of dissolved salt in seawater, however, is difficult to measure directly. Thus, several salinity scales have been historically used to approximate it: "Knudsen Salinity" (S K ) [15], "Chlorinity" (Cl) [16], "Practical Salinity" (S P ) [17], and, most recently, "Reference Salinity" (S R ) [14]. Correlations given in this paper are expressed as functions of Reference Salinity with the brief term "salinity" (S) used in the paper to mean "Reference Salinity".…”

Section: Been Made By the International Association For The Propertiementioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence

et al. 2016

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In a previous paper, the authors have given correlations for seawater thermophysical properties as functions of temperature and salinity, but only for near atmospheric pressures. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) systems operate routinely at pressures of 6 MPa or more; however, experimental data for seawater properties at elevated pressures (P = 0.1-12 MPa) are limited to a salinity of 56 g/kg. To accurately model and design SWRO and thermal desalination systems, a reliable method of estimating the effect of pressure on seawater properties is required. In this work, we present this method and new correlations for seawater thermophysical properties that are valid within the range: t = 0-120 °C, S = 0-120 g/kg, and P = 0-12 MPa. Seawater isothermal compressibility data, available until a salinity of 56 g/kg, were used to develop a correlation for compressibility that is extrapolated to 160 g/kg. Thermodynamic identities were then used to develop accurate pressure dependent correlations for seawater: density, isobaric expansivity, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs energy. New correlations were proposed for 2 surface tension and osmotic coefficient were reviewed. Uncertainty bounds were calculated for each correlation.

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“…The salinity of the river has different origins, such as sedimentary rocks, saline soils, groundwater seepage and precipitations (Depetris, 1976). It was measured as 276 mg L −1 , which is notably low compared to the salinity of marine waters, generally established as 35,000 mg L −1 (Culkin and Smith, 1980;Millero et al, 2008). Regarding vegetation, the water surface of the Middle Paraná River tends to be occupied by macrophytes, such as water hyacinths (Eichornia crassipes, E. azurea) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) (Figure 1; Paira and Drago, 2007).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Sampling Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Diversity of Deeply Branching Holomycota and Unicellular Holozoans Revealed by Metabarcoding in Middle Paraná River, Argentina

et al. 2018

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Opisthokonta represents a major lineage of eukaryotes and includes fungi and metazoans, as well as other less known unicellular groups. The latter are paraphyletic assemblages that branch in between the former two groups, and thus are important for understanding the origin and early diversification of opisthokonts. The full range of their diversity, however, has not yet been explored from diverse ecological habitats. Freshwater environments are crucial sources for new diversity; they are considered even more heterogeneous than marine ecosystems. This heterogeneity implies more ecological niches where local eukaryotic communities are located. However, knowledge of the unicellular opisthokont diversity is scarce from freshwater environments. Here, we performed an 18S rDNA metabarcoding study in the Middle Paraná River, Argentina, to characterize the molecular diversity of microbial eukaryotes, in particular unicellular members of Opisthokonta. We identified a potential novel clade branching as a sister-group to Fungi. We also detected in our data that more than 60% operational taxonomic units classified as unicellular holozoans (animals and relatives) represent new taxa at the species level. Of the remaining, the majority was assigned to the newly described holozoan species, Syssomonas multiformis. Together, our results show that a large hidden diversity of unicellular members of opisthokonts still remain to be uncovered. We also found that the geographical and ecological distribution of several taxa considered exclusive to marine environments is wider than previously thought.

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The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale

Cited by 969 publications

References 34 publications

Microbial methane production in deep aquifer associated with the accretionary prism in Southwest Japan

Microbial methane production in deep aquifer associated with the accretionary prism in Southwest Japan

Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence

Novel Diversity of Deeply Branching Holomycota and Unicellular Holozoans Revealed by Metabarcoding in Middle Paraná River, Argentina

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