The composition of unrecorded alcohol from eastern Ukraine: Is there a toxicological concern beyond ethanol alone?

Lachenmeier, Dirk W.; Samokhvalov, Andriy V.; Leitz, Jenny; Schoeberl, Kerstin; Kuballa, Thomas; Linskiy, Igor; Minko, Oleksandr; Rehm, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.016

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…14 All sampled vodkas contained ethyl carbamate (EC) at levels below the analytical detection limit (0.01 mg/L) and therefore complied with the international EC upper limit (0.15 mg/L) established or recommended by several countries for distilled spirits. 2 The results for these Brazilian vodkas are in line with EC levels found in vodkas from Poland, 10 the Ukraine, 12 Vietnam, 11 and EU Member States. 2 In spirit drinks, EC is mainly formed when cyanogenic glycosides (present in raw materials during fermentation) are degraded through enzymatic action to cyanide, which is then oxidized to cyanate and reacts with ethanol in copper-catalyzed reactions.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

“…14 Levels of these substances in Brazilian vodkas are in line with concentrations reported in vodkas from Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, and Vietnam. [10][11][12][13] With respect to methanol results (not shown in Table 1), all vodka samples contained below 0.5 mg/100 mL of pure ethanol (analytical quantification limit), and therefore lay within limits allowed under Brazilian and EU regulations (20 and 10 mg/100 mL pure ethanol, respectively). 14,16 Higher concentration ranges for methanol, however, have been reported in vodkas from Poland (nd-12 mg/100 ml pure ethanol), 11 Ukraine (0.6-7.4 mg/100 mL pure ethanol), 12 Hungary and Lithuania (nd-20 mg/100 ml pure ethanol).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although vodkas from different countries are generally regarded to contain low EC levels, [10][11][12][13] some conflicting results on vodka emerged from European Food Safety Authority data in 2007. 2 With regard to Brazilian vodkas, levels of EC are unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brazilian vodkas have undetectable levels of ethyl carbamate

S.¹,

A.²,

Nóbrega³

et al. 2013

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 25/9/12; aceito em 21/1/13; publicado na web em 14/5/13While in Europe vodka is mainly derived from potatoes or cereals, a large proportion of Brazilian vodka is likely obtained from sugarcane, which contains ethyl carbamate (EC) precursors. EC, in addition to several other contaminants and congeners, were investigated in 32 samples of Brazilian vodka. All samples complied with the Brazilian regulations for congeners and contaminants, having EC content below 0.01 mg/L (detection limit). These results are probably related to the processing of vodka, in particular the use of extractive and rectifying stainless steel distillation columns, which allow the production of high strength spirits with low levels of congeners and contaminants.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Brazilian vodkas have undetectable levels of ethyl carbamate

S.¹,

A.²,

Nóbrega³

et al. 2013

Quím. Nova

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“…The samplings were conducted in the context of international projects designed to characterize the quality of a broad range of alcoholic beverages, including commercial beverages but specifically focused on unrecorded alcohol (alcoholic strength varied between 5 and 81% vol.). Details on the samples from Russia (n = 22) [7], Mexico (n = 19) [13], Poland (n = 23) [14], Brazil (n = 27) [15], Guatemala (n = 19) [16,17], Ukraine (n = 64) [18], Romania (n = 2) [19], Austria (n = 29) [19], Spain (n = 11) [19], Norway (n = 4) [19], Lithuania (n = 5) [20], Nigeria (n = 2) [21] and Hungary (n = 13) [20] were previously published. Additionally, samples from India (n = 2) were included in the study.…”

Section: Samples and Reference Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontargeted NMR Analysis To Rapidly Detect Hazardous Substances in Alcoholic Beverages

2012

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is introduced for the analysis of alcoholic beverages in the context of governmental health and safety control. For sample preparation of all types of alcoholic beverages, only addition of buffer is required as single step. To detect potentially unsafe samples especially in the context of unrecorded alcohol (i.e., illegally or informally produced alcohol), a nontargeted approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. The PCA scores plot of 304 samples clearly shows seven conspicuous samples with highly divergent scores from the rest of the samples. These samples contained hazardous substances such as diethyl phthalate or polyhexamethyleneguanidine, as well as extremely high concentrations of methanol or ethyl carbamate. In addition to the nontargeted approach, partial least squares regression allowed us to quantify several parameters such as methanol, higher alcohols, 2-phenyl alcohol and ethyl acetate with high correlation to gas chromatographic reference analysis (R 2 = 0.92-0.98).

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“…All samples were screened for unknown substances (including flavour compounds) using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 17 the GC/MS assay also included phthalates. 18 Screening for metals was conducted using semi-quantitative inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 17,19 The absinthe from Switzerland was quantitatively analyzed for thujone. 20 Wine and beer samples were screened for aflatoxins using a commercially available test-kit (Aflacard Total, R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%