The conceptual puzzle of violent non-state actors in Latin America: a critique of the convergence hypothesis

Kleinschmidt, Jochen; Palma, Oscar

doi:10.1080/09592318.2020.1781370

Small Wars & Insurgencies

2020

DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1781370

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The conceptual puzzle of violent non-state actors in Latin America: a critique of the convergence hypothesis

Jochen Kleinschmidt

Oscar Palma

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Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 49 publications

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“…Though similarities among armed groups in structures or behaviors do not necessarily signal "convergence" across types of groups (Kleinschmidt and Palma 2020). 7…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Delegation, Sponsorship, and Autonomy: An Integrated Framework for Understanding Armed Group–State Relationships

Thaler

2021

Journal of Global Security Studies

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What types of relationships do armed groups have with states? How do different levels of ties and power relations affect both armed group and government behavior? This article develops a spectrum across which armed group–state relationships can move, focusing on three key types of relationships—delegation, sponsorship, and autonomy. An armed group–state relationship may be classified depending on the degree to which the armed group receives material or security support from a state, whether it pursues the strategic aims of the state, and the balance of power between the armed group and the state. I examine cases and empirical examples of relationships between states and armed groups ranging from criminal organizations to Cold War-era rebels to pro-government and communal militias to the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and al-Qaeda. As lines between categories of armed groups and between state and non-state actors are increasingly blurred, the integrated framework enhances our ability to analyze the behavior and liabilities of both armed groups and states and to understand sources of leverage for protecting human rights and resolving conflicts.

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“…Though similarities among armed groups in structures or behaviors do not necessarily signal "convergence" across types of groups (Kleinschmidt and Palma 2020). 7…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Delegation, Sponsorship, and Autonomy: An Integrated Framework for Understanding Armed Group–State Relationships

Thaler

2021

Journal of Global Security Studies

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Advocacy, Misdirection, Protest, and Exit: Strategies of Aspiration and Anxiety amid Crime and Conflict in Putumayo

Arias¹,

Duica-Amaya²

2022

Lat Am Polit Soc

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This essay examines how the inhabitants of Putumayo, a department of Colombia both divided and held together by licit and illicit authority structures and markets, engage with varied political orders as they advance individual and collective economic and political projects. Putumayo’s inhabitants adopt four basic strategies to maintain their often illicit livelihoods amid state repression. The first is intellectual resistance, wherein they develop explanations for their involvement in illicit markets that they can use to alter local and national state behavior. The second is protest, through which groups of peasants mobilize to support their illicit but socially normalized economic endeavors. A third is evasion or malicia, in which peasants seek to strategically adhere to state policy to misdirect the state as they continue to grow coca. Fourth, some peasants pursue a strategy of exit, going deeper into the jungle in search of land where they can peacefully grow coca.

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From conventional insurgency to binational criminal syndicate? ELN’s state capture in the Colombia-Venezuela Borderland

Mantilla,

Feldmann

2024

Small Wars & Insurgencies

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The conceptual puzzle of violent non-state actors in Latin America: a critique of the convergence hypothesis

Cited by 3 publications

References 49 publications

Delegation, Sponsorship, and Autonomy: An Integrated Framework for Understanding Armed Group–State Relationships

Delegation, Sponsorship, and Autonomy: An Integrated Framework for Understanding Armed Group–State Relationships

Advocacy, Misdirection, Protest, and Exit: Strategies of Aspiration and Anxiety amid Crime and Conflict in Putumayo

From conventional insurgency to binational criminal syndicate? ELN’s state capture in the Colombia-Venezuela Borderland

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