The Concurrence of Fine Muscle Activity and Rapid Eye Movements During Sleep

Baldridge, Bill J.; Whitman, Roy M.; Kramer, Milton

doi:10.1097/00006842-196501000-00003

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The muscles that are activated particularly during REM sleep include the extraocular, middle ear, lip and chin muscles (McGuigan & Tanner, ; Shimizu & Inoue, ). Activation of the arms and legs (Baldridge, Whitman, & Kramer, ; Wolpert, ) can also occur, which may correspond to dreamed physical activity (Gardner, Grossman, Roffwarg, & Weiner, ). With regard to the mimetic facial muscles during waking, corrugator activity has been shown to be strongly associated with the experience and expression of negative emotions (Cacioppo, Petty, Losch, & Kim, ; Dimberg & Petterson, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams

Rivera-García

Ruiz

Ramírez‐Salado

et al. 2018

Journal of Sleep Research

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Although motor activity is actively inhibited during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, specific activations of the facial mimetic musculature have been observed during this stage, which may be associated with greater emotional dream mentation. Nevertheless, no specific biomarker of emotional valence or arousal related to dream content has been identified to date. In order to explore the electromyographic (EMG) activity (voltage, number, density and duration) of the corrugator and zygomaticus major muscles during REM sleep and its association with emotional dream mentation, this study performed a series of experimental awakenings after observing EMG facial activations during REM sleep. The study was performed with 12 healthy female participants using an 8-hr nighttime sleep recording. Emotional tone was evaluated by five blinded judges and final valence and intensity scores were obtained. Emotions were mentioned in 80.4% of dream reports. The voltage, number, density and duration of facial muscle contractions were greater for the corrugator muscle than for the zygomaticus muscle, whereas high positive emotions predicted the number (R 0.601, p = 0.0001) and voltage (R 0.332, p = 0.005) of the zygomaticus. Our findings suggest that zygomaticus events were predictive of the experience of positive affect during REM sleep in healthy women.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activation of the arms and legs (Baldridge, Whitman, & Kramer, 1965;Wolpert, 1960) can also occur, which may correspond to dreamed physical activity (Gardner, Grossman, Roffwarg, & Weiner, 1983).…”

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confidence: 99%

Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams

Rivera-García

Ruiz

Ramírez‐Salado

et al. 2018

Journal of Sleep Research

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“…For example, overt motor activity correlates with perception of movement in the Rorschach (Finzi, 1962), and EMG intensities correlate with body-image orientations (Fisher & Cleveland, 1958). More interesting, perhaps, are the facts that muscle movements appear in all parts of the dreaming subject's body (Baldridge, Whitman & Kramer, 1965), and that decreases in the tonus of the extrinsic laryngeal (Berger, 1961) and submental (Jacobson, Kales, Lehmann, & Hoedemaker, 1964) muscles accompany Stage 1-rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and associated dreaming. While these observations indicate that general and localized muscle activity may index changes in mental activity, they refer at most to general states-such as dreaming or not dreaming.…”

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confidence: 99%

Diurnal Variations of Muscle Action Potentials and Word Associations Related to Psychological Orientation

Aarons

1968

Psychophysiology

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Theoretical analysis has suggested that the feedback of neuromuscular activity affects quantitative but not qualitative aspects of responses, i.e. arousal provides energy but not direction for behavior. This study was carried out to determine whether or not qualitative aspects of ideation vary with the normal diurnal fluctuations of neuromuscular activity. Word association tests revealed qualitative differences among responses before sleep, upon awakening and at noon. Some differences were related to psychological test variables of kinesthetic orientation, need for change, and anxiety; other differences were independent of psychological test scores but related to the time of the word tests and intensity of muscle action potential (EMG). Subjects with low and high scores on the psychological tests were similar in both body temperature variation and amount of time spent in different EEG sleep stages. EMG levels during sleep were highly correlated with EEG sleep stages for both groups, but low psychological test scorers exhibited more EMG activity than high scorers. Neuromuscular arousal was accompanied by qualitative changes in verbal responses that were related to psychological orientations.

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“…Body movements, ranging from barely perceptible twitching to frank turns, are conspicuous features of natural sleep (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1953;Wolpert, 1960;Kleitman, 1963;Baldridge, Whitman and Kramer, 1965). The density of movements is greatest before and during Stage I rapid eye movement sleep (Stage I REM), less in Stage II, and least in Stages III and IV (Dement and Kleitman, 1957;Dement, 1958;Kamiya, 1961).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Equally important is the question of how body movements are measured or whether they are missed, and various suggestions have been made that bear on the best way of measuring movements during sleep (Rechtschaffen, Wolpert, Dement, Mitchell, and Fisher, 1963;Jacobson, Kales, Lehmann and Hoedemaker, 1964;Jacobson, Kales, Sweizig, and Kales, 1965;Baldridge, Whitman, and Kramer, 1965). The relative efficacy of a single bedspring transducer as opposed to a number of myographic leads from different muscle groups is noteworthy in this connection.…”

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confidence: 99%

BODY MOVEMENT ARTIFACT AS A CONTAMINANT IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SLEEP¹

Altshüler

Brebbia

1967

Psychophysiology

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Experiments were undertaken to define the relationships between body movements and changes in oxygen consumption rate (V̇O2) and pulse rate. Methods included the use of indirect calorimetry for determination of V̇O2, a bedspring transducer and multiple electromyographic leads for movements, electrocardiograms for pulse rate, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings for condition of wakefulness or stage of sleep. Major and minor movements were distinguishable from each other in wakeful subjects by their effects on V̇O2 and pulse rate. Both types of movements evoked shorter changes during sleep. The concurrence of muscle potential or artifact on the EEG leads and polygraphic deflection from the bedspring was found to be a reliable indicator of movements eliciting such changes. Movements in sleep which evoked measureable changes in V̇O2 were noted to involve a considerable proportion of total muscle mass. V̇O2 response to movements during sleep endured for 1.52 min (S.D. ± 0.60), compared to 3.34 min (S.D. ± 0.99) in wakeful subjects. Pulse rate response was 0.26 min (S.D. ± 0.13) in wakeful subjects and appeared to be far briefer during sleep.

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The Concurrence of Fine Muscle Activity and Rapid Eye Movements During Sleep

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams

Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams

Diurnal Variations of Muscle Action Potentials and Word Associations Related to Psychological Orientation

BODY MOVEMENT ARTIFACT AS A CONTAMINANT IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SLEEP¹

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The Concurrence of Fine Muscle Activity and Rapid Eye Movements During Sleep

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams

Emotional facial expressions during REM sleep dreams

Diurnal Variations of Muscle Action Potentials and Word Associations Related to Psychological Orientation

BODY MOVEMENT ARTIFACT AS A CONTAMINANT IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SLEEP1

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BODY MOVEMENT ARTIFACT AS A CONTAMINANT IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SLEEP¹