The condensation of a vapour by mixing with a cool gas

Levine, D.G.; Friedlander, Sheldon K.

doi:10.1016/0009-2509(60)80023-1

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For aerosol formation studies, the shear layer is of interest since it is where incipient turbulent mixing, supersaturation and nucleation occur. Levine & Friedlander (1960) and Hidy & Friedlander (1964) showed qualitatively that processes occurring in the shear layer of a turbulent jet strongly affect particle formation by homogeneous nucleation. Lesniewski & Friedlander (1995) hypothesized that in nucleation-controlled jet systems, there is a range of operation for which particle formation occurs in the shear layer of the jet but is quenched once the particles move out of the shear layer and into the main flow.…”

Section: Theory: Scaling Laws For Particle Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle nucleation and growth in a free turbulent jet

Lesniewski

Friedlander

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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Liquid dibutyl phthalate (DBP) particles were generated by homogeneous nucleation as a heated gas stream laden with DBP vapour exited a nozzle and mixed with room temperature particle-free air. The nozzle diameters were 0.235 and 0.375 cm, the nozzle temperature was 413 K, and DBP vapour concentrations were 100-500 ppm. Conditions were chosen to make the jet turbulent (Reynolds number 4000-7000) and to keep nucleation rates low so that the particle growth could be studied in the absence of coagulation and in the early stages of the transition to coagulation. Aerosol size distributions and number concentrations were measured at different positions and jet velocities. For low values of DBP vapour mole fraction, the size distributions were unimodal and the aerosol concentration followed jet dilution profiles, indicating that the particle formation was confined to the initial region of the jet. The final aerosol concentrations were correlated by simple scaling laws. For higher vapour mole fractions, nucleation continued to occur downstream from the shear layer, resulting in bimodal size distributions. Data for nozzles of different diameters indicate that the overall particle formation rate can be decreased by splitting a large nozzle flow into multiple smaller streams.

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Section: Theory: Scaling Laws For Particle Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle nucleation and growth in a free turbulent jet

Lesniewski

Friedlander

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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“…257 First data obtained by Friedlander were presented in the publications. 258,259 The method under consideration was widely used in the investigations. 260 ± 262 In spite of the simplicity, this method enables one to investigate nucleation processes in broad ranges of temperature, supersaturation and nucleation rate under stationary conditions due to which it has advantages over methods in which an adiabatic expansion chamber is used in a cyclic mode.…”

Section: Methods For Turbulent Mixingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleation: theory and experiment

Anisimov¹

2003

Russ. Chem. Rev.

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“…Theoretical studies of nucleation in turbulent condensing jets were conducted by Higuchi and O'Konski (1960), Lothe and Pound (1962), and Sutugin and Fuchs (1968). Relevant experimental studies were carried out by Langmuir (1942), Hottel (1942), Levine and Friedlander (1960), Hidy and Friedlander (1964), and Brock et al (1986), and more recently by Strum and Toor (1992), Koch et al (1993), Vatazhin et al (1995), Friedlander (1997, 1998), Lesniewski and Koch (1998), and Barrett (2000). Factors which may have an effect on the particle size distribution of the condensed aerosol are: (1) mass of substance vaporized per second, (2) mass of admixed or entrained air per unit weight of substance, (3) exit velocity of vapor emerging from the nozzle, (4) exit temperature of vapor emerging from the nozzle, (5) "seed" particle size as well as composition and number concentration, and (6) physico-chemical properties of the substance vaporized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of a Novel Condensation Aerosol Generator: Solute and Solvent Effects

Gupta

Hindle

Byron

et al. 2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Part I of this article presents results of an experimental study on gas-phase nucleation for three model solutes and their solvent, propylene glycol (PG), with variables being solute concentration and the nature of the solute substance. A single manifestation of an aerosol generator, which forms condensation aerosols by cooling of hot vapor issuing from an electrically heated, pumped capillary, is described and used for all experiments. The effects of solute concentration and solute type were studied for deoxycorticosterone (DOC), benzil (BZ), and phenyl salicylate (PhS). Suppression of homogeneous nucleation and occurrence of heterogeneous condensation of the solvent was observed at different solute concentrations for BZ, PhS, and DOC. The nature and concentration of the solute dissolved in the solvent was shown to determine the final particle size distribution of the condensed aerosol. In the case of the least volatile solute, DOC, solute aerosol and total aerosol size distributions were identical at low solute concentrations. A transitional concentration region then existed in which a bimodal solute aerosol was formed, followed at high concentrations by increasing separation of the solvent-dominated aerosol size distribution and that of the solute.In Part II of this article, the effect of DOC dissolution in different solvents was studied at fixed solute concentration. The effects of six glycol solvents-i.e., PG, ethylene glycol (EG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), and tetraethylene glycol (TetEG)-and three nonglycol solventsi.e., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide (FORM), and oleyl alcohol (OA)-were studied, as these affected the resultant aerosol sizes. Suppression of total aerosol mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) was observed on dissolution of 0.5% w/w DOC in each solvent, although suppression occurred to different extents. It was shown that the boiling point or volatility of the solvent used to dissolve the less volatile DOC had an effect on the final particle We wish to express our appreciation to Chrysalis Technologies Incorporated for providing the equipment and funding for this study.Address correspondence to Michael Hindle, Aerosol Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Box 980533, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0533. E-mail: mhindle@ hsc.vcu.edu size distribution of the condensed aerosol and whether the aerodynamic size distributions for the solute and the total aerosol were the same or different.

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The condensation of a vapour by mixing with a cool gas

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Particle nucleation and growth in a free turbulent jet

Particle nucleation and growth in a free turbulent jet

Nucleation: theory and experiment

Investigation of a Novel Condensation Aerosol Generator: Solute and Solvent Effects

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