The Conduplicate Carpel of Dicotyledons and Its Initial Trends of Specialization

Tracing the early evolutionary diversification of the angiosperm flower

“…Th is is in sharp contrast to older views that it was originally plicate (conduplicate), like a leaf folded down the middle and fused along its margins (Bailey and Swamy, 1951 ). If the D&E tree is correct, origin of the plicate carpel and sealing of its margins by postgenital fusion occurred in the mesangiosperms after divergence of the Chloranthaceae -Ceratophyllum line, in the common ancestor of magnoliids, monocots and eudicots, with several reversals (in which carpel form and sealing were less closely correlated) within these groups ( Fig 4.4 ) and partial convergences in Nymphaeaceae and Illicium (Endress and Doyle, 2009 ).…”

Stamen ontogeny in the temperature‐sensitive ‘stamenless‐2’ mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

“…The primordia at this stage resembled carpel primordia as in corn ear spikelets (Cheng, Greyson & Walden, 1983) and many other species (van Heel, 1983). However, they differed from the rolled flattened structures which fuse along the lateral edges, as described for the gynoecia of Pisum sativum (Sattler, 1973) and Neptunia pubescens (Tucker, 1988), and in the general descriptions of the conduplicate carpel (Bailey & Swamy, 1951). In the HTR-grown sl-2/sl-2 stamens, lobing of the primordia, indicating the presence of anther locules, was not observed.…”

An Evolutionary Basis for Pollination Ecology.

“…These conduplicate carpels occur in the Recent Drimys sect. Tasmannia and Degeneria (Bailey & Swamy, 1951) and in a lesser degree in the Magnoliaceae. In the latter, however, the compact positioning of the carpels is considered apomorphous.…”