The Connexion between the Annealing, Cross-linking, and Wrinkling of Wool

Only part of the improvement in the wrinkle-recovery of wool fabric due to annealing remains after steam-pressing. The effects of annealing variables on the magnitude of this relatively stable improvement in wrinkle-recovery have been investigated. It depends on the annealing temperature and can be increased by . annealing in the absence of air or by heating the wool in water before annealing. These effects were additive, and the annealing conditions for optimizing the wrinkle-recovery after steam-pressing were established.

Section: B Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements in the Wrinkling Behavior of Annealed Wool Fabrics After Steam-Pressing

Hayes¹,

Phillips²

1981

“…A similar effect can ' be obtained in a shorter time by annealing, i.e., by holding the fabric at an elevated temperature and constant water content for several hours and allowing it to cool slowly, instead of the weeks required for aging , at room temperature [3]. Aging and annealing presumably involve relaxation of the molecular structure of the fibers to a preferred lower-energy state such that molecular stress-relaxation during deformation is reduced and the fabric exhibits improved wrinkling behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Water Vapor Sorption by Resin-Treated Annealed Wool

Watt

Leeder

Boos

1975

The nature of the changes in the sorption capacity of wool that has been annealed and resin-treated has been described. Except under conditions. known to lead to degradation, the major effect is a reduction in water content over the entire range of humidity. The changes are in the same direction and generally greater than those obtained by simply annealing the wool under similar conditions in the absence of the resin-forming reagents.

“…The physical ageing process may be accelerated by heating the fabrics at constant temperature and regain and then slowly cooling [5,20]. This accelerated process of equilibration has been termed &dquo;annealing,&dquo; following the use of this terminology for a related phenomenon [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Hayes et al [9] have now established that for fabrics annealed at 100°C and wet pressed (i.e., &dquo;de-annealed&dquo;), there is a small residual improvement in wrinkle recovery compared to the unannealed control sample: the magnitude of this residual improvement depends on the annealing regain. There is also evidence [5] that chemical treatments with gaseous formaldehyde appear to increase the effectiveness of annealing and give partial stability to de-annealing conditions such as wetting and steam pressing. Shishoo et al [ 16] have shown that the increased mechanical stiffness obtained by annealing is stable to a subsequent water treatment if the wool fibers are annealed in a stretched state.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Ageing and Annealing in Fibers and Textile Materials

Sukigara

Dhingra

Postle

1987

The viscoelastic behavior of annealed fabric specimens produced from wool and manmade fibers has been assessed by measuring the fabric bending stress relaxation characteristics. The study reveals that the presence of water provides an effective medium for de-ageing of fabrics produced from both wool and manmade fibers. Optimum annealing conditions occur when these fabrics are heated below the glass transition temperature of each fiber type at the equilibrium moisture regain corresponding to 20°C, 65% RH (the time taken depending on the annealing temperature). Under these conditions, the fabric bending stress relaxation rate is reduced to its minimum value, thus resulting in maximum fabric recovery from bending or wrinkling. The application of horizontal and vertical shift factors produces a master stress relaxation curve of aged and annealed fabric specimens produced from both wool and manmade fibers.