The Consequences of Ingestion by Man of Real and Simulated Fallout

Leroy, Georges; Rust, John H.; Hasterlik, Robert J.

doi:10.1097/00004032-196604000-00001

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For normal subjects, average gastric emptying time (80% of content) is approximately 30 min for a low-calorie bland meal, and 3.5 h for a high-fat liquid meal (Houghton et al, 1990). The intestinal residence time in normal subjects varies from 20 to 30 h due to the influence by many factors (LeRoy et al, 1966). To simulate the physiologically relevant circumstance encountered by PB when traveling through the GI tract after oral administration, we have investigated the thallium binding to PB under the pH conditions of 1.0 to 7.5 and incubation times ranged from 1 to 24 h. For both API-1 and DP-1, the thallium binding to PB displayed a pH-dependent profile with binding gradually increasing with increasing pH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative determination of thallium binding to ferric hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue☆

Yang

Faustino

Progar

et al. 2008

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Ferric hexacyanoferrate, (Fe 4 III [Fe II (CN) 6 ] 3 ), also known as insoluble Prussian blue (PB), is the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of Radiogardase which is the first approved drug product (DP) for treatment of thallium and radiocesium poisoning. The aim of this study is (1) to determine the in vitro thallium binding capacity and binding rates of insoluble PB; and (2) to evaluate the effect of physiological pH conditions, PB particle size and storage conditions on the binding to PB. Experimental pH levels from 1.0 to 7.5 were used to cover the range of pH levels that PB may encounter when traveling through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in humans. Measurements of thallium binding were made between 1 and 24 h, to cover gastric and intestinal tract residence time. PB was found to have a binding capacity of approximately 1400 mg/g at pH 7.5. When the pH decreased, the binding decreased as well. The results indicated that the hydration state of PB influences the thallium binding process. It was also found that there exits a direct correlation between the moisture loss in PB and the thallium binding rate constant. The PB with 17 mol of water had a binding rate constant of 0.52, which was reduced to 0.32 when PB was dehydrated to 2.5 mol of water. Significant differences were observed in both binding capacity and binding rate constant among PB fractions with different particle size ranges. PB fraction with particle size of 220-1000 m had a binding rate constant of 0.43, which increased to 0.64 when the particle size was reduced to 32-90 m. Batch-to-batch variation in thallium binding was also observed among the APIs and the DPs and this was related to particle size and hydration state. These findings can be utilized to evaluate and predict drug product quality under certain manufacturing and dry storage conditions. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative determination of thallium binding to ferric hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue☆

Yang

Faustino

Progar

et al. 2008

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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“…Solubility of fallout particles in HCl at pH 1.0 from the NTS was greater for smaller particles (LeRoy et al, 1966). Reducing particle size by approximately one-half resulted in an increase of the fraction leached activity by a factor of two (Table 1).…”

Section: Background and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ALIMENTARY TRACT ABSORPTION (f 1 VALUES) FOR RADIONUCLIDES IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTS

et al. 2010

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This paper presents gastrointestinal absorption fractions (f 1 values) for estimating internal doses from local and regional fallout radionuclides due to nuclear tests. The choice of f 1 values are based on specific circumstances of weapons test conditions and a review of reported f 1 values for elements in different physical and chemical states. Special attention is given to fallout from nuclear tests conducted at the Marshall Islands. We make a distinction between the f 1 values for intakes of radioactive materials immediately after deposition (acute intakes) and intakes that occur in the course of months and years after deposition, following incorporation into terrestrial and aquatic foodstuffs (chronic intakes). Multiple f 1 values for different circumstances where persons are exposed to radioactive fallout (e.g. local vs. regional fallout and coral vs. continental tests) are presented when supportive information is available. In some cases, our selected f 1 values are similar to those adopted by the ICRP (e.g. iodine and most actinides). However, f 1 values for cesium and strontium derived from urine bioassay data of the Marshallese population are notably lower than the generic f 1 values recommended by ICRP, particularly for acute intakes from local fallout (0.4 and 0.05 for Cs and Sr, respectively. The f 1 values presented here form the first complete set of values relevant to realistic dose assessments for exposure to local or regional radioactive fallout.

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“…Human volunteer studies using 137Cs in soluble inorganic form have shown virtually complete absorption (Rosoff et al, 1963;Naversten and Liden, 1964;LeRoy et al, 1966). Thus, for example, measured an average fractional absorption'of 0.99 for 10 normal subjects following the ingestion of '37CsC1.…”

Section: Cesium (Cs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic accident consequence uncertainty analysis -- Uncertainty assessment for internal dosimetry. Volume 2: Appendices

Goossens¹,

Kraan²,

Cooke

et al. 1998

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LEGALNOTICENeither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of the information in this volume. NUREGlCR-6571 ii DISCLAIMERPortions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. AbstractThe development of two new probabilistic accident consequence codes, MACCS and COSYMA, was completed in 1990.These codes estimate the risk presented by nuclear installations based on postulated frequencies and magnitudes of potential accidents. In 1991, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and the European Commission (EC) began a joint uncertainty analysis of the two codes. The ultimate objective was to develop credible and traceable uncertainty distributions for the input variables of the codes.The study was formulated jointly and was limited to the current code models and to physical quantities that could be measured in experiments. An elicitation procedure was devised from previous US and EC studies with refinements based on recent experience. Elicitation questions were developed, tested, and clarified. Internationally recognized experts were selected using a common set of criteria. Probability training exercises were conducted to establish ground rules and set the initial and boundary conditions. Experts developed their distributions independently.Aft& the first feasibility study on atmospheric dispersion and deposition parameters, a second expert judgment exercise was carried out on food chain and external dose (calculation) parameters. A third expert judgment exercise has been carried out on early and late health effects and internal dosimetry parameters. The goal again was to develop a library of uncertainty distributions for the selected consequence parameters. Nine experts from five countries were selected for an expert panel on internal dosimetry. Their results were processed with an equal-weighting aggregation method, and the aggregated distributions will be used to determine distributions on the code input parameters of the dose per unit intake (DUPI) models used in COSYMA and for MACCS. PrefaceThis volume is the second of a two-volume document that summarizes a joint project conducted by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the European Commission to assess uncertainties in the MACCS and COSYMA probabilistic accident consequence codes. These codes were developed primarily for estimating the risks presented by nuclear reactors based on postulated frequencies and magnitudes of potential accidents. This document reports on an ongoing project to assess uncertainty in the MACCS and COSYMA calculations for the offsite consequences of radionuclide releases by hypothetical nuclear power plant accidents. A panel of nine experts was formed to compile credible and traceable uncertainty distributions for internal dosimetry input variables that affect calculations of offsite consequences. The expert judgment elicitation procedure and its outcomes are described in...

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The Consequences of Ingestion by Man of Real and Simulated Fallout

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Quantitative determination of thallium binding to ferric hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue☆

Quantitative determination of thallium binding to ferric hexacyanoferrate: Prussian blue☆

ALIMENTARY TRACT ABSORPTION (f 1 VALUES) FOR RADIONUCLIDES IN LOCAL AND REGIONAL FALLOUT FROM NUCLEAR TESTS

Probabilistic accident consequence uncertainty analysis -- Uncertainty assessment for internal dosimetry. Volume 2: Appendices

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