2022
DOI: 10.3386/w30010
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The Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction During the Pandemic

Abstract: NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

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Cited by 114 publications
(62 citation statements)
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“…The average difference between observed and predicted scores, M0.28emRgbadbreak=0.28emmean()yig,2021yig,2021,$$\begin{equation}M\;{R_g} = \;mean\left( {{y_{ig,2021}} - {{\tilde y}_{ig,2021}}} \right),\end{equation}$$characterizes 2021 test scores for tested students relative to peers who share the same prior test scores and demographic characteristics. This approach was used in a recent analysis of national interim test score data (Goldhaber et al., 2022) and a similar model was used by Kogan and Lavertu (2022) to estimate pandemic impacts in Ohio. The Appendix describes connections among these uses of MR.…”
Section: Review Of Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The average difference between observed and predicted scores, M0.28emRgbadbreak=0.28emmean()yig,2021yig,2021,$$\begin{equation}M\;{R_g} = \;mean\left( {{y_{ig,2021}} - {{\tilde y}_{ig,2021}}} \right),\end{equation}$$characterizes 2021 test scores for tested students relative to peers who share the same prior test scores and demographic characteristics. This approach was used in a recent analysis of national interim test score data (Goldhaber et al., 2022) and a similar model was used by Kogan and Lavertu (2022) to estimate pandemic impacts in Ohio. The Appendix describes connections among these uses of MR.…”
Section: Review Of Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Note. To generate these cost estimates, we apply achievement loss estimates from Kuhfeld et al (2022), Goldhaber (2022), and Engzell (2021) for low-and non-low-income students respectively. These estimates are then scaled by expected achievement effects taken from Jackson and Machevicius (2021) and then multiplied by $1,000 (i.e., the cost per pupil).…”
Section: Background On Federal Fiscal Stimulus During the Great Reces...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The pandemic also highlighted the inequities in the US education system, which give rise to an unequal distribution of technology-supported learning experiences (Aguilar, 2020; Aguiliera and Nightengale-Lee, 2020; Reynolds and Chu, 2020; Reynolds et al , 2022). Compared to children living in higher-income households, children living in low-income households faced disproportionately greater challenges when schools closed down and teaching moved online (Goldhaber et al , 2022). These challenges included unreliable internet connections and inconsistent access to a home computer (as well as a quiet place to use it and a parent able to provide support).…”
Section: Three Trends In Digital Youth Researchmentioning
confidence: 99%