As an aspiring young botanist growing up in San Francisco, I was always thrilled at the discovery of botanical novelties, those rare, unusual plants that one came upon unexpectedly and that often turned out to be new or otherwise interesting. For example, my rediscovery of two very local endemics on the serpentine soils of the Presidio, Arctostaphylos hookeri subsp. ravenii (now endowed as part of the National Collection of the Center for Plant Conservation) and Clarkia franciscana, was of particular enjoyment to me as a young teen-ager. My initial study of Clarkia helped to steer me toward a research career that has been heavily focused on the plant family Onagraceae, and helped to give me an early appreciation of the interest and importance of rare plants.Although California, with its thousands of local endemics, was a uniquely suitable place to make those discoveries, and many other botanists have shared that appreciation, until recently we have not appreciated much about plant population biology. A deeper appreciation of the reproductive, ecological, and evolutionary significance of genetic variability is of fundamental importance in plant conservation. How do we deal with the limited variability that is often present in the diminished populations of rare plants? What if the last few individuals differ remarkably from one another or represent hybrids with other species? If only one genetically self-incompatible individual should survive, what strategies should be undertaken to try to save it? In our attempt to solve problems of these kinds, the detailed exploration of plant genetics, population biology, and evolution that this book represents is of great significance, and clearly long overdue.As we enter the final decade of the twentieth century, enormous pressures are being exerted on the world's capacity to support us in a sustainable fashion. These pressures are nowhere more evident than in California, scene of my childhood discoveries and home to more than 600,000 additional people every year. Fields, woods, and meadows are all-too-rapidly giving way to housing developments and freeways, and the choice localities where evolutionary novelties have appeared and still flourish locally are being lost with every passing year. A similar fate is befalling species and habitats in Hawaii, Florida, Puerto Rico, and many other regions. Our human future will be secure only when we are able to attain stability in our numbers and in the way we use the planet's resources. At that time, the kinds of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that remain available to enjoy, to study, and to use will depend in large extent on the actions that we take now.Around the world, plants are disappearing even more rapidly than they are in the United States. The Center for Plant Conservation model, with a network of cooperating botanical gardens, each dedicated to the preservation of a particular set of species vi FOREWORD native to its region in the gardens and in seed banks, seems to have wide applicability. It would be highly adv...