The content of indigo precursors in leaves ? a comparative study of selected accessions and post-harvest treatments

Oberthür, Christine; Graf, Heidemarie; Hamburger, Matthias

doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.10.014

Cited by 60 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In previous studies, water,21 methanol,18 acidified acetone19, 36 and ethyl acetate22 were used to extract indican and isatin from herbal matrices or biological fluids. However, the poor solubility of indigotin in water, methanol and acetone prevent their use in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various analytical methods have been applied to identify and quantitate the four indoxyl derivatives. Methods involving thin‐layer chromatography (TLC),15, 17 high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC),18 high‐performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (HPLC/UV)19 and HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD)20, 21 have been developed for the determination of indican in I. indigotica , I. tinctoria and other herbs. HPLC/UV was applied to determine isatin in human urine and plasma 22.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Determination of indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin in Isatis indigotica by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Zou

Koh

2007

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The roots and leaves of Isatis indigotica, named 'Ban-Lan-Gen' and 'Da-Qing-Ye', respectively, are widely used for the treatment of influenza, viral pneumonia, mumps, pharyngitis, and hepatitis. The indoxyl derivatives detected in the roots and leaves of I. indigotica have been reported to be biologically active. In the present study, a liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed to determine indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin in the roots and leaves of I. indigotica. The method has been validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the limits of detection (LODs) were determined as 0.004 ng for indican, 0.01 ng for isatin, 0.01 ng for indrubin and 0.03 ng for indigotin, while the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.015 ng for indican, 0.04 ng for isatin, 0.04 ng for indirubin and 0.1 ng for indigotin. Compared with previously reported methods, the current method is more rapid, selective and sensitive. This is the first report of the LC/MS/MS determination of indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Determination of indican, isatin, indirubin and indigotin in Isatis indigotica by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Zou

Koh

2007

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…Indirubin, in the per-trimethylsilylated form (peak 6), was found in the total ion current (TIC) chromatogram of Isatis only, but it was detected in both plant extracts with the selected ion monitoring (SIM) acquisition mode (data not reported). The results indicate that in the Indigofera commercial extract we have used, indirubin is present in quite low amounts; it is well known that the concentration of indirubin in plants depends not only on the species but also on the extraction processes and on the concentration of precursors which may vary according to the age of the plant, the harvest season and the part of the plant (top or bottom) from which the leaves are collected [3,26,27].…”

Section: Analysis Of Plant Extractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of natural indigo in historical textiles by GC–MS

2015

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The possibility of successfully applying a common GC-MS procedure for identification in one step of all types of dyes from plants of unknown origin and from historical objects is particularly attractive due to the high separation efficiency of the capillary columns, the MS detection sensitivity and the reproducibility of results. In this work, GC-MS analysis, previously and successfully used for the characterization of anthraquinones, flavonoids and tannins from plant extracts and historical samples, has been tested on indigoid dyestuffs. An analytical procedure based on the silylating agent N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was applied to pure molecules of indigotin and indirubin and to plant extracts of Indigofera tinctoria L. and Isatis tinctoria L. Preliminary tests have been done to establish the chromatographic conditions and the derivatization amounts most suitable for the simultaneous detection of indigoid molecules and of the other natural compounds, such as fatty acids, carboxylic acids and sugars, contained within the plant extracts. In order to assess the capacity and the sensitivity of the analytical procedure in typical archaeometric applications, wool samples dyed in the laboratory with indigo were analysed by mimicking the sample amounts typically available with historical objects. The electron ionization (EI) spectra of the main silylated derivatives of indigoid molecules obtained in this way constitute the necessary data set for the characterization of natural extracts and historical works of art. Subsequently, the procedure has been applied to historical samples for the detection of indigo and of other dyestuffs eventually contained in samples. Additional information, useful for restoration and preservation of works of art, could be also obtained on the nature of stains and smudges present on the sampled textile material. The GC-MS method turns out to be an efficient and fast analytical tool also for the identification of natural indigo in plants and textile artefacts, providing results complementary to those from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

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“…The harvest time, the treatment, and the soil impurities (32,33) affect the proportion of the constituents and so the resultant color. This could explain the pastel color differences observed all over Europe and moreover the assured quality of the French indigo.…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%