The (Continuous) Nature of Perceived Gender Counter-Stereotype: A Threshold Model of Gender Stereotype Maintenance

Wen, Fangfang; Zuo, Bin; Wang, Yang; Wu, Yang; Fang, Zeming; Ma, Shuhan

doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01763-2

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Yet, as in Western cultures, the conceptualization of gender as binary is broadly accepted by the Chinese public (Yun, 2012). Further, Chinese people comply with strict gender roles that influence their gender‐related attitudes and behavior (e.g., Liu, 2018; Wen et al., 2020; Zuo et al., 2021). Developmentally, by ages 3–4 years, the influence of gender stereotypes on children's sociality is evident in several domains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture influences the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand

Wang

Qian

Nabbijohn

et al. 2021

Developmental Science

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Current understanding of how culture relates to the development of children's genderrelated peer preferences is limited. To investigate the role of societal acceptance of gender nonconformity, this study compared children from China and Thailand. Unlike China and other cultures where the conceptualization of gender as binary is broadly accepted, individuals who identify as a nonbinary "third" sex/gender have been highly visible and tolerated in Thai society for at least several decades. Chinese and Thai 4-to 9-year-olds (N = 458) viewed vignettes of four hypothetical peers who varied on gender (i.e., boy vs. girl) and gender-typed toy play behavior (i.e., masculine vs. feminine), and were asked to give a friendship preference rating for each peer. Chinese, compared with Thai, children evidenced gender-related peer preferences that emerged earlier, remained more stable across age groups, and were relatively more biased against gender-nonconforming behavior. The only cultural similarity was in children's preference for peers who were of the same gender and/or displayed same-gender-typed behavior. Thus, while preference for peers who are of the same gender and/or display same-gender-typed behavior is common among children across cultures, the developmental onset and course of these preferences vary by culture. Moreover, societal acceptance of gender nonconformity might be key to limiting children's bias against gender-nonconforming peers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture influences the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand

Wang

Qian

Nabbijohn

et al. 2021

Developmental Science

Self Cite

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“…Some media advocate men having masculine characteristics and criticize male entertainers who use heavy makeup, wear sexy clothes, or appear as gender-confused figures. Men who have prominent "feminine traits" or engage in female-dominated fields are viewed as less competent, weak, abnormal, incapable of leadership, and less desirable as potential partners (Brescoll and Uhlmann, 2005;Wen et al, 2020). Counter-stereotyped men would face low social acceptance in present-day China, and the affirmation and acceptance of significant others are important sources of RSE.…”

Section: The Mediation Role Of Relational Self-esteem In the Relationship Between Gender Self-stereotyping And Life Satisfactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although counter-stereotypical females did not meet the requirements of gender roles, they tend to be much more capable compared to stereotypical females; this change is in line with the social norm of "trying to better oneself and striving for self-realization." However, counter-stereotypical males are considered less capable than the stereotypical male (Brescoll and Uhlmann, 2005;Vandello et al, 2013;Wen et al, 2020); they neither conform to the gender roles nor social norms of "being positive." Therefore, counter-stereotypical males might face greater pressure of social exclusion than counter-stereotypical females, and counter-stereotypes lead to males having low RSE and PSE.…”

Section: The Moderation Role Of Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Gender Self-Stereotyping and Life Satisfaction: The Mediation Role of Relational Self-Esteem and Personal Self-Esteem

Liu

Shen

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Individuals voluntarily internalize gender stereotypes and present personality characteristics and behaviors that conform to gender role requirements. The aim of the current study was to explore the reasons people internalize gender stereotypes. We conducted surveys with 317 college students in China to examine the relationship between gender self-stereotyping and life satisfaction. We also analyzed the mediating roles of relational self-esteem (RSE) and personal self-esteem (PSE) and the moderation role of gender. The results of path analysis showed that gender self-stereotyping directly affected life satisfaction and indirectly affected life satisfaction through RSE and PSE in a serial pattern; however, the serial mediation model was only significant in the male sample. Higher gender self-stereotyping was associated with male participants’ higher level of RSE and PSE and further correlated with higher life satisfaction. This study addressed the questions: “What are the benefits of gender self-stereotyping?” and “What are the major barriers to counter-stereotyping?” The results enrich our understanding of these issues, especially relative to the collectivist culture in China, and may be used to create more effective interventions to help people break through the stereotypes.

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“…It could be argued that these imposed differences are the consequence of socially constructing genders, that in their stereotypical form are what is considered a woman and a man by society in general. This process of transforming the dimorphism of biological sexes into the androgynous dimorphism of genders has been extensively addressed by sex and gender theorists (Bem, 1981;Dreger, 1998;Heilbrun, 1986;Perry et al, 2019;Wen et al, 2020).…”

Section: Creating Social Factsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wagner & Hayes Repressive Moralism 10

Wagner¹,

Hayes²

2021

Preprint

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The past decade has seen a shift in the way that minorities exert their influence in society. Where in previous decades the emphasis was on winning the hearts and minds of the population at large, a recent strategy has been to ignore general public discourse and only to target specific influential bodies, along with an emphasis on victimhood. In this paper we use the example of transgender issues to analyse the socio-psychological dimensions of this approach. We show that where possible, those promoting these issues eschew a wider social discourse and debate in the mass media, and how their strategy rests on a self-construction as victims of the hetero-normative society, with a concomitant appeal to moral rather than factual argumentation. This is combined with a programme of aggressive challenge to opponents through social media, which effectively closes discussion on the topic. We conclude that these methods have much in common with the oppressive politics of undemocratic rule.

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The (Continuous) Nature of Perceived Gender Counter-Stereotype: A Threshold Model of Gender Stereotype Maintenance

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Culture influences the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand

Culture influences the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand

The Relationship Between Gender Self-Stereotyping and Life Satisfaction: The Mediation Role of Relational Self-Esteem and Personal Self-Esteem

Wagner & Hayes Repressive Moralism 10

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The (Continuous) Nature of Perceived Gender Counter-Stereotype: A Threshold Model of Gender Stereotype Maintenance

Cited by 12 publications

References 49 publications

Culture influences the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand

Culture influences the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences: Evidence from China and Thailand

The Relationship Between Gender Self-Stereotyping and Life Satisfaction: The Mediation Role of Relational Self-Esteem and Personal Self-Esteem

Wagner &amp; Hayes Repressive Moralism 10

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Wagner & Hayes Repressive Moralism 10