The contribution of crop-rotation organization in farms to crop-mosaic patterning at local landscape scales

Impact of farmland fragmentation on rainfed crop allocation in Mediterranean landscapes: A case study of the Lebna watershed in Cap Bon, Tunisia

“…Therefore, characterizing the drivers of crop allocation to fields is a prerequisite for (1) exploring and simulating spatially explicit plausible land use scenarios, and (2) quantifying the subsequent ecosystem services and disservices Rizzo et al, 2013). As discussed in previous studies, land use pattern dynamics on agricultural landscapes result from crop allocation rules that are defined at the farm scale and that drive both the successions of crops over several years and the annual distributions of crops among farmlands (Joannon et al, 2008;Thenail et al, 2009;Castellazzi et al, 2010;Houet et al, 2010;Sorel et al, 2010;Schaller et al, 2012;Stoebner and Lant, 2014). Once crops are selected for any year, allocation rules concern a choice (1) of suitable cultivation area for each crop (all sui-table plots for the considered crop), (2) of the crop surface area (total area of a considered crop on the farmland), (3) of crop return time (acceptable time to reseed the same crop on the same plot) and (4) of preceding-following crop pairs (acceptable temporal crop sequences) (Aubry et al, 1998).…”

“…However, farmland fragmentation also generates management constraints, such as (1) reduced efficiency of field machinery due to the small sizes and/ or irregular shapes of the fields, or (2) excessive or differentiated farmstead-field distances. These opportunities and constraints impact crop locations and management at the farm scale (McCall, 1985;DeLisle, 1982;Deffontaines et al, 1995;Gonzalez et al, 2004;Morlon and Trouche, 2005;Thenail et al, 2009;Markussen et al, 2016). Consequently, farmland fragmentation impacts the economic (Latruffe and Piet, 2014;Gonzalez et al, 2004;Markussen et al, 2016) and en-vironmental (Sklenicka, 2016) performance of farms.…”

“…Describing these rules and identifying their drivers is necessary to explain the observed spatiotemporal patterns of crop location at the landscape scale (Schaller et al, 2012). This is also a prerequisite both to simulate landscape patterns and to compel land-scape evolution models (Thenail et al, 2009;Castellazzi et al, 2010;Houet et al, 2014;Jahel, 2016). As shown by most of the above-mentioned studies, the driving factors of crop allocation rules are in-ternal (e.g., farming system, characteristics of farm resources such as land or workforce) and/or external (e.g., market conditions, climate) on a farm.…”

Evolution récente de la ressource mellifère dans le paysage agricole français: le cas des grandes cultures et des productions fourragères

“…Cette liste comprend une quarantaine d'espèces, dont des Fabacées, potentiellement très utiles aux abeilles (trèfles, gesses, lotier…). Dans la très grande majorité des situations, les 1950-2009(Source Graph'agri, 2010 et al, 2007). Il faut également noter l'intérêt que revêtent ces jachères à flore variée au cours des mois d'août-septembreoctobre, capitaux pour la survie ultérieure des colonies.…”

“…Des observations similaires en conditions naturelles ont également été rapportées avec la maladie noire (Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus ou CBPV). 1950-2009(Source Graph'agri, 2010 Plusieurs éléments ont dû contribuer, grâce à l'évolution des modes d'exploitation des herbages, à diminuer l'offre alimentaire des abeilles :…”