“…In the literature, rumination is offered as a factor more prevalent in women than in men (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987), and renders women more vulnerable to psychological symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991;Turan & Erdur-Baker, 2010). A difference in men's and women's rumination levels was found in Turkish culture (Erdur-Baker & Bugay, 2012;Turan & Erdur-Baker, 2010) and links to women's negative HSA. Traditionally, men in Turkish culture attain a higher social status and more resources than women and are offered more instrumental tools to cope with stressors (Kandiyoti, 1982).…”