The Cooking Process I—Role of Water in the Cooking of Wood<sup>1</sup>

Aronovsky, S. I.; Gortner, Ross Aiken

doi:10.1021/ie50243a017

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…The unsaturated compounds, which were easily polymerized, were being created by the elimination of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups [123]. In the case of (highly reactive) lignin fragments, polymerization has been reported to be completed within several minutes above 300 °C [232,233]. Falco et al [234] stated that this co-condensation could be strengthened by increasing the amount of monosaccharide glucose when synthesized the nitrogen-doped carbon materials from the microalgae by the HT.…”

Section: Denitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment

et al. 2014

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Our society currently faces three challenges, including resource depletion, waste accumulation and environmental degradation, leading to rapidly escalating raw material costs and increasingly expensive and restrictive waste disposal legislation. This work aims to produce clean solid biofuel from high moisture content waste biomass (bio-waste) with high nitrogen (N)/chlorine (Cl) content by mild hydrothermal (HT) conversion processes. The newest results are summarized and discussed in terms of the mechanical dewatering and upgrading, dechlorination, denitrification and coalification resulting from the HT pretreatment. Moreover, both the mono-combustion and co-combustion characteristics of the solid fuel are reviewed by concentrating on the pollutants emission control, especially the NO emission properties. In addition, the feasibility of this HT solid biofuel production process is also discussed in terms of "Energy Balance and economic viability". As an alternative to dry combustion/dry pyrolysis/co-combustion, the HT process, combining the dehydration and decarboxylation of a biomass to raise its carbon content aiming to achieve a higher calorific value, opens up the field of potential feedstock for lignite-like solid biofuel production from a wide range of nontraditional renewable and plentiful wet agricultural residues, sludge and municipal wastes. It would contribute to a wider application of HT pretreatment bio-wastes for safe disposal and energy recycling.

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Section: Denitrificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment

et al. 2014

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“…It has been reported by several authors (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) that by autocatalysed hydrolysis (autohydrolysis) of wood, the lignin is modified in such a way that it can be partially extracted in a second stage at low temperatures using certain organic solvents or dilute aqueous alkalies. Earlier work at this laboratory (7)(8)(9)(10) has shown that at any given temperature there is a characteristic autohydrolysis time for maximum lignin extractability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autohydrolysis of aspen milled wood lignin

Lora¹,

Wayman²

1980

Can. J. Chem.

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669 (1980). In order to obtain further understanding of the nature of lignin reactions during autocatalysed hydrolysis (autohydrolysis) of wood, milled wood lignin (MWL) was isolated from aspen (Populus tremuloides) and treated under autohydrolysis conditions. By this means reactions of the lignin itself could be distinguished from those taking place between lignin and the carbohydrate or other components of the wood. The material after the reaction was separated into a dioxane insoluble fraction (DI), a dioxane soluble but ether insoluble fraction (DSEI), and an ether soluble fraction (ES). Studies were carried out on the DI and DSEI fractions; no direct study was made of the small ES fraction.The formation of DI material increased linearly during the first 7.5 min at 170°C and then levelled off. At the same time DSEI decreased and then levelled off. Gel permeation chromatography of the DSEI fraction suggested that during autohydrolysis there is an initial generation of low molecular weight fragments which recombine to form first a high molecular weight soluble fraction and from this the insoluble product. The DSEI fraction contained increased conjugated and unconjugated keto groups. Carboxylic acids were also detected; they have been attributed to the reincorporation of low molecular weight aromatic acids generated by the hydrolysis of the corresponding esters. The dioxane insoluble (DI) fraction had fewer unconjugated keto groups than the DSEI fraction, indicating that these groups participated in the condensation reactions leading to the formation of insoluble material. These probably involve position 6 of the aromatic ring. JAIRO H. LORA et MORRIS WAYMAN. Can. J. Chem. 58,669 (1980). Dans le but d'obtenir de plus amples informations sur la nature des reactions de la lignine lors de I'hydrolyse autocatalysee (autohydrolyse) du bois, on a isole du peuplier (Populus tremuloides) la lignine de bois moulu (LBM) et on l'a soumise a une autohydrolyse. Par ces reactions de la lignine on peut distinguer celles qui ont lieu entre la lignine et les carbohydrates ou d'autres derives du bois. Les produits de la reaction sont separes en fraction insoluble dans le dioxanne (ID), fraction soluble dans le dioxanne mais insoluble dans l'tther (SDIE) et en une fraction soluble dans l'ether (SE). On a etudie les fractions ID et SDIE mais on n'a pas fait d'etudes directes sur la petite fraction SE.La formation de produits ID augmente lineairement durant les 7.5 premieres minutes puis se stabilise. En mcme temps la fraction §DIE dirninue puis se stabilise. La chromatographie sur gel de la fraction SDIE suggere que lors de l'autohydrolyse il y aformation initiale de fragments de faibles poids moleculaires qui se recombinent d'abord pour donner la fraction soluble de poids moleculaire eleve e t a partir duquel se forme le produit insoluble. La fraction SDIE contient des groupes cetoniques conjugues et non conjugues. On a egalement decele des acides carboxyliques et on les attribue a la reincorporation d'acides aromatiques de faib...

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“…As it has been already proposed (Aronovsky and Gortner, 1930), this phenomenon can be related to a structural change of lignin, i.e., depolymerization. As it has been already proposed (Aronovsky and Gortner, 1930), this phenomenon can be related to a structural change of lignin, i.e., depolymerization.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Data Inmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…; handsheet, made at 70 g/mZ. has been found to enhance alkali solubility and further degradation of cellulose (Binger and Norman, 1957). On the other hand, because of prehydrolysis, a significant economy in the amount of alkali needed for delignification is possible (cf.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Data Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process for chemical separation of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass

Koukios¹,

Valkanas²

1982

Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev.

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Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1902, 21, 309-314 309 On several occasions, after carburetor ice was allowed to form in the carburetor of one or both engines while using stock fuel, the fuel supply was switched to a tank containing EGME-treated fuel. In every case power was immediately regained. Thus EGME-treated fuel would also serve as a de-icing agent.On five occasions, carburetor ice was encountered with both engines operating on stock fuel, but with different mixture settings. As discussed earlier, Diblin (1971) and Coles et al. (1949) do not agree of the effect of the fuel/air mixture. While the experimental samples size is small, the engine with the rich mixture lost power 39% faster (on the average) than did the engine with the lean mixture. The complete flight test report is available (Newman, 1979). ConclusionsThe incorporation of 0.15 vol % of EGME into aviation gasoline greatly reduces the formation of carburetor ice during cruise power flight. Both the extent of conditions favorable to ice formation and the maximum severity of ice formation are reduced. The use of EGME should prevent virtually all cruise or climb caburetor ice accidents for pilots not flying in clouds. Since over 60% of carburetor ice accidents occur during these portions of flight (Newman, 1977), this reduction would be no small benefit.There do appear to be certain environmental conditions which make the use of EGME less favorable during descents. Certain dew point/temperature combinations may produce slightly more ice with EGME added to the fuel than without. These conditions need to be examined further before drawing any conclusions regarding the effectiveness of EGME in preventing carburetor ice forma-tion during descent conditions. In any event, the de-icing capability of EGME-treated fuel makes ita addition attractive, even for descent conditions. Acknowledgment ministration under Contract DOT-FA78WA-4165. Literature CitedThis work was sponsored by the Federal Aviation Ad-AVCOlycoming "Operator's Manual: AVCO-Lycomlng 0-320, 10-320. AI0-320. and LIO-320 Serbs Aircraft Engines"; AVCO-Lycomlng Pubikatkn 60297-16, 2nd ed.; Dlvislon of AVCO Corporation:

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The Cooking Process I—Role of Water in the Cooking of Wood¹

Abstract: degree of accuracy as obtainable when applied to the ordinary run of absorption oils or naphthas. Indications of inconsistent deviations from Raoult's law in previous investigations can be explained by the fact that the compo-

Cited by 34 publications

References 10 publications

Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment

Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment

Autohydrolysis of aspen milled wood lignin

Process for chemical separation of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass

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The Cooking Process I—Role of Water in the Cooking of Wood1

Abstract: degree of accuracy as obtainable when applied to the ordinary run of absorption oils or naphthas. Indications of inconsistent deviations from Raoult's law in previous investigations can be explained by the fact that the compo-

Cited by 34 publications

References 10 publications

Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment

Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment

Autohydrolysis of aspen milled wood lignin

Process for chemical separation of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Cooking Process I—Role of Water in the Cooking of Wood¹