The correlation between bladder volume wall index and the pattern of uroflowmetry/external sphincter electromyography in children with lower urinary tract malfunction

Urine flow rate curve shapes and their descriptors

“…Nishimoto et al suggest quantitative definition using values for the parameters noted above ( Q max / T v ≥ 0.78, 0.32 ≤ TQ max / T v ≤ 0.54, Q ave / Q max < l.59). Four other articles specifically define normal flow shape: Wyndaele suggests Q max > 15 mL/s, Abrams indicates Q max appears in first 30% of curve and within 5 s from start, Mostafavi et al use flow within 5% to 90% range of the Iranian nomogram and Q max 2 > volume voided for normal shape, and Ghobish uses time ratio ( T r = TQ max /flow time) of 25‐60% and flow ratio ( Q r = Q ave / Q max ) of 25‐75% to define normal shape …”

“…It is agreed in most articles that constrictive flow shape has a relatively longer flow time, flattened shape with a constant Q max almost the same as Q ave . In addition, five articles have given a more specific definition: variations less than 1 mL/s, variation <1 mL/s for at least 4 s, Q max /flow time <0.5, Q r > 80% and T r < 10% …”

“…Chou et al and Jorgensen et al call this shape “tall and peaked” and “high flow,” respectively, but the definition is similar to ICCS. Using Q max > 95% on the Iranian nomogram, Mostafavi et al also call this pattern “tower.”…”

“…The definitions of normal flow curve are similar in most articles, which are bell-shaped or arc-shaped, approximately symmetrical, uninterrupted, and with no rapid amplitude changes. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][20][21][22][23] ICCS specifies in children the bell-shaped curve should be regardless of volume voided. 5 Nishimoto et al 3 suggest quantitative definition using values for the parameters noted above (Q max /T v ≥ 0.78, 0.32 ≤ TQ max / T v ≤ 0.54, Q ave /Q max < l.59).…”

The Frequency of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Furthermore, it is associated with urinary tract abnormalities. For this reason, patients will be routinely screened (8) for the existence of vesicoureteral reflux (9), urinary tract obstruction, congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract, or voiding dysfunction (10,11). Furthermore, STEC-producing E. coli are rarely consider in hospitalized patients with UTI (12).…”