The Costs of Mycotoxin Management to the USA: Management of Aflatoxins in the United States

Robens, Jane F.; Cardwell, Kitty F.

doi:10.1081/txr-120024089

Cited by 168 publications

(124 citation statements)

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“…The cocontamination of foods/feeds with known or unknown mycotoxins is being reported at an increasingly high rate (Stoev and others 2010a, b). Because of the multiple possible origins of fungal contamination, strategies for preventing fungal and mycotoxin contamination should be conducted at an integrative level along the food production chain (Robens and Cardwell 2003). In particular, 3 intervention steps may be performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize in China

Sun

Shan

2017

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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China is a major cereal-producing country and almost one third of the annual cereal yield is maize. The maize plant and kernel are prone to infection by fungal attack and are most likely to be contaminated with mycotoxins under suitable temperature and humidity conditions, during both the growing and storage period. A number of investigations conducted in China have demonstrated that maize had been infected by fungi and contaminated with mycotoxins to varying degrees. Although most of the maize produced in China is used as feed and raw materials for the chemistry industry, a small amount of maize is consumed directly by humans and the hazards of mycotoxin to humans cannot be ignored. The state of mycotoxin contamination of maize in China is analyzed in this review. Due to unfavorable weather and poor storage conditions, the high incidences of mycotoxin contamination of maize are of great concern to the Chinese. It is imperative for the national and local governments to increase investments on building large-scale modern warehouses and instructing farmers to grow, harvest, and store maize safely. Meanwhile, due to accumulative toxic effects of mycotoxins, quality control should be enforced to guarantee that animal products are safe for human consumption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize in China

Sun

Shan

2017

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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“…Vardon et al (4) calculate that total mycotoxinrelated losses to agriculture in the United States are as high as $1.4 billion annually ($630 million to $2.5 billion). In particular years and regions, one mycotoxin, aflatoxin, can contaminate crops so severely that farmers are forced to dispose of more than half of their total corn and peanut crop (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxin Risk Assessment for the Purpose of Setting International Regulatory Standards

2004

Environ. Sci. Technol.

231

135

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The 2003 Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Mycotoxin report states that one 21st century goal is the development of uniform regulations worldwide for foodborne mycotoxin contamination. This study informs that endeavor by a risk assessment and economic analysis of two important mycotoxins: fumonisins and aflatoxins. The goals are to identify the nations that would be most heavily impacted by tighter mycotoxin regulations, examine costs and benefits as a function of regulatory stringency, and address risk−risk tradeoffs between health benefits and economic losses from compliance with those regulations. Among industrial nations, the United States would experience the heaviest economic losses from more precautionary mycotoxin standards. Environmental conditions in the developing world, however, are more conducive to mycotoxin accumulation in crops. Contrary to concerns expressed among policymakers, the less developed countries that would likely experience the greatest loss from tighter mycotoxin standards are not sub-Saharan African nations, but China and Argentina. If a fumonisin standard of 0.5 mg/kg were adopted worldwide, total export losses from fumonisins in corn may exceed $300 million annually: 3-fold higher than if the less stringent U.S. standard of 2 mg/kg were adopted. Likewise, export losses from aflatoxins in peanuts may exceed $450 million under the current EU regulatory standard of 4 μg/kg: almost 5-fold higher than if the U.S. standard of 20 μg/kg were adopted. Stricter standards are unlikely to improve health significantly. In developing nations such as China where hepatitis B and C are prevalent, tighter aflatoxin standards may increase health risks until improved control methods for aflatoxins are found, as high-quality crops may be exported instead of being consumed domestically.

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“…No region of the world escapes the problem of mycotoxins and according to Lowlor and Lynch (2005) mycotoxins are estimated to affect as much as 25% of the world ' s crop each year. Moulds and associated mycotoxins are important factors adversely affecting foods produced using contaminated plant products or animal products derived from animals fed on contaminated feeds (Robens and Cardwell, 2003). Mycotoxins are toxic to humans and animals, which explains the major concern of food and feed industries in preventing them from entering the food chain (Pierre, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the multiple possible origins of fungal infection, any prevention strategy for fungal and mycotoxin contamination must be carried out at an integrative level all along the food production chain (Robens and Cardwell, 2003). Three steps of intervention have been identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Costs of mycotoxin management include research production practices, testing and research necessary to try to prevent the toxins from appearing in food and feed products of affected commodities (Robens and Cardwell, 2003). Mycotoxin losses result from lowered animal production (Robens and Cardwell, 2003) and any human toxicity attributable to the presence of the toxin (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST, 1989) in the affected commodity which lowers its market value, as well as secondary effects on agriculture production and agricultural communities (CAST, 1989). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxins in animals: Occurrence, effects, prevention and management

Zaki¹

2012

J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci.

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Globalization of the trade in agricultural commodities has contributed significantly to the discussion about potential hazards involved and has increased in particular the awareness of mycotoxins. Safety awareness in food and feed production has also risen due to the simple fact that methods for testing residues and undesirable substances have become noticeably more sophisticated and more available at all points of the supply chain. Mycotoxins comprise of a family of fungal toxins, many of which have been implicated as chemical progenitors of toxicity in man and animals. There are four classes of mycotoxins of major concern namely aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxins, and fumonisins. Formation of mycotoxins varied between species as well as within a given species. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological methods to counteract the mycotoxin problem have been reported, but large-scale, practical, and cost-effective methods for detoxifying mycotoxin-containing feedstuffs are currently not available. Detoxification strategies for the contaminated foods and feeds should be done to reduce or eliminate the adverse actions of mycotoxin to improve food safety and prevent economic losses. The most recent approach to the problem has been the addition to the animal's diet of nonnutritive sorbents that sequester mycotoxins, reduce their gastrointestinal absorption and avoiding their toxic effects on livestock and toxin carryover into animal products. This review comments on the potential hazards of several mycotoxins together with prevention strategy for fungal and mycotoxin contamination.

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The Costs of Mycotoxin Management to the USA: Management of Aflatoxins in the United States

Cited by 168 publications

References 3 publications

Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize in China

Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize in China

Mycotoxin Risk Assessment for the Purpose of Setting International Regulatory Standards

Mycotoxins in animals: Occurrence, effects, prevention and management

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