The costs of traumatic brain injury: a literature review

Humphreys, Ioan; Wood, Rodger Ll.; Phillips, Ceri; Macey, Steven Michael

doi:10.2147/ceor.s44625

Cited by 262 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

163

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Affecting millions of individuals annually, traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in individuals under the age of 45 1 . In addition to the acute symptoms following neurotraumatic events, there is increasing evidence that the long-term biological sequelae of these injurious events may increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression later in life while also contributing, in part, to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease [2][3][4][5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease

Sundman

Chen

Subbian

et al. 2017

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

155

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease. AbstractAs head injuries and their sequelae have become an increasingly salient matter of public health, experts in the field have made great progress elucidating the biological processes occurring within the brain at the moment of injury and throughout the recovery thereafter. Given the extraordinary rate at which our collective knowledge of neurotrauma has grown, new insights may be revealed by examining the existing literature across disciplines with a new perspective. This article will aim to expand the scope of this rapidly evolving field of research beyond the confines of the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, we will examine the extent to which the bidirectional influence of the gut-brain axis modulates the complex biological processes occurring at the time of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and over the days, months, and years that follow. In addition to local enteric signals originating in the gut, it is well accepted that gastrointestinal (GI) physiology is highly regulated by innervation from the CNS. Conversely, emerging data suggests that the function and health of the CNS is modulated by the interaction between 1) neurotransmitters, immune signaling, hormones, and neuropeptides produced in the gut, 2) the composition of the gut microbiota, and 3) integrity of the intestinal wall serving as a barrier to the external environment. Specific to TBI, existing pre-clinical data indicates that head injuries can cause structural and functional damage to the GI tract, but research directly investigating the neuronal consequences of this intestinal damage is lacking. Despite this void, the proposed mechanisms emanating from a damaged gut are closely implicated in the inflammatory processes known to promote neuropathology in the brain following TBI, which suggests the gut-brain axis may be a therapeutic target to reduce the risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and other neurodegenerative diseases following TBI. To better appreciate how various peripheral influences are implicated in the health of the CNS following TBI, this paper will also review the secondary biological injury mechanisms and the dynamic pathophysiological response to neurotrauma. Together, this review article will attempt to connect the dots to reveal novel insights into the bidirectional influence of the gut-brain axis and propose a conceptual model relevant to the recovery from TBI and subsequent risk for future neurological conditions.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease

Sundman

Chen

Subbian

et al. 2017

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

155

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although mTBI is a common result of all kinds of trauma mechanisms, the costs and cost effectiveness of this disease have been seldomly addressed in the literature [31]. As our study also did not include any data on the economic impact of this disease, more research is needed to investigate the costs and cost effectiveness of mTBI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young adults with mild traumatic brain injury—the influence of alcohol consumption—a retrospective analysis

Leute¹,

Moos²,

Osterhoff³

et al. 2014

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Among young adults men and unemployed men have a higher statistical probability to have consumed alcohol prior to suffering mild traumatic brain injury. The most common trauma mechanism in this age group is interpersonal violence and occurs more often in patients who have consumed alcohol. Alcohol consumption and interpersonal violence increase the odds ratio for concomitant injuries, open wounds, and fractures independently from another.

show abstract

“…Very little research has been published on the economic burden that mild traumatic brain injury imposes on patients, their families, employers and society as a whole [11].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of persistent post-concussion syndrome due to mild traumatic brain injury: current status and future directions

Hadanny

Efrati

2016

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Persistent post-concussion syndrome caused by mild traumatic brain injury has become a major cause of morbidity and poor quality of life. Unlike the acute care of concussion, there is no consensus for treatment of chronic symptoms. Moreover, most of the pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments have failed to demonstrate significant efficacy on both the clinical symptoms as well as the pathophysiologic cascade responsible for the permanent brain injury. This article reviews the pathophysiology of PCS, the diagnostic tools and criteria, the current available treatments including pharmacotherapy and different cognitive rehabilitation programs, and promising new treatment directions. A most promising new direction is the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, which targets the basic pathological processes responsible for post-concussion symptoms; it is discussed here in depth.

show abstract

The costs of traumatic brain injury: a literature review

Cited by 262 publications

References 29 publications

The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease

The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease

Young adults with mild traumatic brain injury—the influence of alcohol consumption—a retrospective analysis

Treatment of persistent post-concussion syndrome due to mild traumatic brain injury: current status and future directions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About