“…The previous literature on CSRD suggests various techniques to measure CSR, that is, content analysis (Li et al, 2017; Maqbool & Zameer, 2018; Rodriguez‐Fernandez, 2016; Zhu et al, 2016), reputed ratings and scores (Cordeiro et al, 2021; Nirino et al, 2020; Simionescu & Dumitrescu, 2018), proxies (Sharma & Aggarwal, 2021), survey (Magrizos et al, 2021; Mishra & Suar, 2010; Suganthi, 2019), and index (Farag et al, 2015; Nyeadi et al, 2018; Zahid et al, 2020).…”