The Daily Urinary Excretion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Substances by Normal Men and Women 1

Gallagher, T. F.; Peterson, D. H.; Dorfman, Ralph I.; Kenyon, Allan T.; Koch, F. C.

doi:10.1172/jci100894

Cited by 85 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Before androgenic administration, the level of output of male hormone in 4 urine assays covering 7 days, taken from a period of weeks, showed a daily average of 13.5 I.U. This is far below the levels of androgen excretion of normal adult men (11,12,3). Still further evidence that if any abdominal testis were present it did not secrete large amounts of androgens was the negative clinical response obtained with 16 injections of large amounts of anterior pituitary-like substance, 100 rat units (R.U.)…”

Section: Methods Materials and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Urinary Excretion of Androgenic Substances After Intramuscular and Oral Administration of Testosterone Propionate to Humans 1

Dorfman¹,

Hamilton²

1939

J. Clin. Invest.

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Section: Methods Materials and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…All urine samples were collected on a 24-hour basis and extracted with benzene in a continuous extractor according to the method previously described (3). The assays for androgenic activity contained in the urine extracts were performed on the day-old chick's comb (4).…”

Section: Methods Materials and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Excretion of Androgenic Substances After Intramuscular and Oral Administration of Testosterone Propionate to Humans 1

Dorfman¹,

Hamilton²

1939

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…original urine were added to insure excess acid (22). The whole was boiled under a reflux condenser for half an hour, a time insuring maximum recovery of both estrogen and androgen (23,24,25 and androgen were placed in the ice box overnight to allow the water to drain from the walls of the separatory funnel, and the water was then removed. The androgenic ether fraction was evaporated to dryness under negative pressure on the water bath and the residue redissolved in 10 cc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Study of the Urinary Excretion of Hypophyseal Gonadotropin, Estrogen, and Androgen of Normal Women

Werner¹

1941

J. Clin. Invest.

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and Surgeons, Work upon the assay of hormones in blood and urine has been progressive in volume and quality since Loewe (1) and Frank (2) demonstrated the presence of estrogenic hormone in blood. Loewe (3) then revealed that this substance is excreted cyclically in the urine. Such assays were made practicable by the work of Kahnt and Doisy (4) who standardized the procedure of assay for this hormone, using the changes induced in the vaginal smear of castrated adult rats. The presence of gonadotropic substance in blood and urine was established shortly thereafter. The existence of such a gonadotropin and its production in the anterior hypophysis were made clear by the fundamental work of P. E. Smith (5) and Zondek and Aschheim (6). They also provided a method for determining its presence by finding that premature maturity is induced in the immature rat and mouse by this hormone (6, 7). Aschheim and Zondek (8, 9), using this test object, were able to show that a gonadotropin may be detected in the urine of pregnancy, although this gonadotropin is now known to be chorionic in origin. Fluhmann (10), Zondek (11), and others soon pointed out that the hypophyseal gonadotropin is similarly excreted after ovariectomy and the menopause. The same gonadotropin next was found to appear during the middle of the normal menstrual cycle (12). The demonstration of the excretion of androgenic substances soon followed (13,14), and methods of assay were provided by the capon comb method (15) and the colorimetric reaction of Zimmermann (16). Finally, excretion products of progesterone were shown to appear in the urine (17,18 improvements in methods of extraction and assay now aid in such a study. The tannic acid precipitation procedure of Levin and Tyndale (19), and their method of assay, using the immature mouse uterine weight (20), make possible the quantitative assay of hypophyseal gonadotropin in normal urine. In addition, it has been found that estrogen and androgen may be quantitatively recovered from the supernatant and the alcohol-acetoneether washings of the tannic acid precipitate, as was observed by Freed and Hechter (21) after tungstic acid precipitation. Thus it is possible to assay the gonadotropin, estrogen and androgen in the same specimen of urine. Data are here presented from such a study of the complete urinary output of five normal women with regular menstrual cycles over a period of three to four months for each woman. An additional three cycles scattered throughout the year were examined in one of these cases. These assays have been directed towards determining the normal values and the pattern of hormone excretion in medically normal healthy women with regular cycles. This was thought to be essential for the later determination as to whether or not patients were excreting abnormal amounts of hormone. The interpretation of the results has suggested a possible mechanism affecting the hypophysis-ovary relation. METHODAll urine specimens were complete forty-eight-hour collections kept in tightly stoppered bottles ...

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“…Concurrent assays of estrogens and neutral 17-ketosteroids were done to determine any correlation with gonadotropin output. The output of these sex hormones follows the pattern described by Gallagher, et al (5), except that in their studies androgens were assayed in capons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

A Quantitative Study of the Urinary Excretion of Hypophyseal Gonadotropin, Estrogen, and Neutral 17-Ketosteroids of Normal Men

Werner¹

1943

J. Clin. Invest.

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The urinary output of hypophyseal gonadotropin by normal women has proven exceedingly variable from month to month (1, 2). Thus, the usefulness of gonadotropin assays for clinical purposes has been disappointing and is now limited to the demonstration of large excesses of hormone.The status of the gonadotropin assay as a potential diagnostic measure in men is still in doubt. More normal data are needed to detail the normal range of excretion and to settle the disagreement between Harris and Brand (3) and Heller, Heller, and Severinghaus (4), concerning the presence of a cycle in men. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken. Concurrent assays of estrogens and neutral 17-ketosteroids were done to determine any correlation with gonadotropin output. The output of these sex hormones follows the pattern described by Gallagher, et al. (5), except that in their studies androgens were assayed in capons. MATERIALS AND METHODSAll urine specimens were complete 48-hour collections, kept in cork or glass stoppered bottles, containing 10 to 15 cc. chloroform. The urine was placed in contact with the preservative immediately on voiding. In most instances, the bottles were kept in the cold during collection. The chloroform is important since it limits the toxicity of the gonadotropic extracts prepared by tannic acid precipitation, without interfering with the colorimetric reaction for 17-ketosteroids. A rubber stopper is probably not desirable since chloroform can dissolve material from the stopper which may be chromogenic in the Zimmermann reaction. The methods of extraction and assay in this study were entirely similar to those previously reported (1), with the exception of several modifications made in the 17-ketosteroid reaction, to conform with the method of Callow, Callow, and Emmens (6), as detailed elsewhere (7). The final color was read in an Evelyn colorimeter, using filters at 520 and 440 millimicra to check the purity of each extract (8). Hypophyseal gonadotropin was prepared by tannic acid precipitation and was assayed by the mouse uterine weight method of Levin and Tyndale (9). Estrogen assays were conducted by the method of Kahnt and Doisy (10) on tested castrate rats. To insure uniformity of response, animals from a special colony of mice of the Swiss strain and rats of the Long-Evans strain were used. The mice were repeatedly tested for sensitivity to urinary gonadotropins with a constant weight of a castrate urine preparation, furnished by Dr. Louis Levin of the Anatomy Departnent; the rats were standardized for estrogen response with crystalline estrone.1 Except for a definitely increased sensitivity in the summer months, both groups of animals showed a uniform response throughout the year. The mouse unit for gonadotropin was not considered positive unless 2 of 3 mice showed uterine weights greater than 0.0135 gram at autopsy. This weight was never seen in control mice with initial body weights of less than 12 grams at 22 days of age, and then autopsied at the same age as the test mice. A rat unit varied...

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The Daily Urinary Excretion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Substances by Normal Men and Women 1

Cited by 85 publications

References 7 publications

Urinary Excretion of Androgenic Substances After Intramuscular and Oral Administration of Testosterone Propionate to Humans 1

Urinary Excretion of Androgenic Substances After Intramuscular and Oral Administration of Testosterone Propionate to Humans 1

A Quantitative Study of the Urinary Excretion of Hypophyseal Gonadotropin, Estrogen, and Androgen of Normal Women

A Quantitative Study of the Urinary Excretion of Hypophyseal Gonadotropin, Estrogen, and Neutral 17-Ketosteroids of Normal Men

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