The dangers of skin-lightening creams

Al‐Saleh, Iman; Elkhatib, Rola; Al-Rouqi, Reem; Al-Enazi, Sami; Shinwari, Neptune

doi:10.1080/02772248.2011.631925

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…[HQ] > 0,5% 12 (19/163) (Desmedt et al, 2014) [HQ] > 1% 18.5 (6/33) (Al-Saleh et al, 2012) [HQ] > 0,5% 100 (10/10) (Odumosu and Ekwe, 2010) [HQ] > 0,5% 37.9 (11/29) (Maneli et al, 2015) [PC] > 0,05% 20.4 (20/98) Our study…”

Section: Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 58%

“…To extract hydroquinone, we accurately weighed 0.050 g of skin lightening cream and added 10 mL of ethanol. Samples were incubated in a water bath for 20 min at 50 o C, and let to cool down before analysis (Al-Saleh et al, 2012). We determined hydroquinone by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method slightly modified from Al-Saleh et al (2012) (HPLC with a UV-DAD detector, Agilent 1200, Santa Clara, US).…”

Section: Hydroquinone Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 x10 -3 -2.07 x10 -1 (Adepoju-Bello et al, 2012) Senegal <7 x10 -3 (Uram et al, 2010) Kenya <7 x10 -3 (Uram et al, 2010) Kenya 1.1x10 -1 -7.4 x10 3 (Harada et al, 2001) Ghana <7x10 -3 -7.9 x10 -2 (Voegborlo et al, 2008) South Africa* 1.9x10 3 ± 10.00 3x10 1 ± 8.68 -2.3x10 3 ± 6.67 < 2 (Maneli et al, 2015) Tanzania 6.2x10 3 -7.4 x10 3 <7 (Glahder et al, 1999) Middle East Saudi Arabia 6.3710 -1 -2.745 (Alqadami et al, 2013) Saudi Arabia 0 -3.14x10 3 (Al-Saleh et al, 2012) *South Africa data is not reported a range because mercury was detected in only one soap. (Wang and Zhang, 2015) 64.7 (22/34) (Alqadami et al, 2013) 8.7 (2/33) (Al-Saleh et al, 2012) 37.5 (6/16) (Peregrino et al, 2011) 47.36 (9/19) (Murphy et al, 2009) 100 (21/21) (Sin and Tsang, 2003) 41.4 (12/29) (Maneli et al, 2015) 45 (17/38) (al-Saleh and al-Doush, 1997) 0 (0/98) 7.52 (7/93) 3.6 (7/191) Our study 47(8/17) 100 (2/2) 52.6 (10/19) (McKelvey et al, 2011) 57.14 (8/14) (Harada et al, 2001) 100 (3/3) (Glahder et al, 1999) [Hg] > 10,000ppm 45% (247/549) (Hamann et al, 2014) [HQ] > 2% 29.5 (29/98) Our study…”

Section: Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies conducted in major cities of some West African countries have shown that a significant proportion (between 26 and 67%) of adult females used these products daily to lighten their skin (Dadzie and Petit, 2009). Several of these products claim to contain a variety of active ingredients that are highly toxic (Bocca et al, 2014, Al-Saleh et al, 2012, Mahe et al, 2007. Among those toxic agents, the present study focuses on mercury, hydroquinone, and clobetasol propionate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada

Gbetoh

Amyot

2016

Environmental Research

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Skin lightening products are types of cosmetics (creams, gels, lotions and soaps) applied voluntarily on skin. Several of these products contain a variety of active ingredients that are highly toxic. Among those toxic agents, the present study focuses on mercury, hydroquinone, and clobetasol propionate. Out of the 93 lightening soaps and 98 creams purchased in large city markets in sub-Saharan West Africa and in small ethnic shops in Canada, 68-84% of all creams and 7.5-65% of all soaps exceeded regulatory guidelines for at least one active ingredient when considering different regulations. Mercury was found in high concentrations mainly in soaps, while hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate concentrations exceeded US FDA standards in some creams for all countries included in our study. Concentrations of the three compounds declared on labels of soaps and creams usually did not correspond to concentrations actually measured, particularly for mercury and hydroquinone. Overall, our results indicate that most studied skin-lightening products are potentially toxic and that product labels are frequently inaccurate with respect to the presence of toxic agents.

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Section: Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Hydroquinone Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada

Gbetoh

Amyot

2016

Environmental Research

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“…Skin‐lightening products are used cosmetically to lighten skin colour or clinically for the treatment of dermatological conditions such as melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation . They may contain a number of active ingredients, including hydroquinone (HQ), mercury (Hg), topical steroids and others, acting either alone or in combination . Many skin‐lightening active compounds target melanin synthesis, often by inhibiting tyrosinase, the rate‐limiting enzyme involved in melanogenesis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combinations of potent topical steroids, mercury and hydroquinone are common in internationally manufactured skin-lightening products: a spectroscopic study

et al. 2015

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Prevalence, determinants and perception of use of skin lightening products among female medical undergraduates in Nigeria

Egbi

Kasia

2021

Skin Health and Disease

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Background: Skin Lightening Products (SLP) are common in Africa especially in Nigeria. Adverse effects from these products present a public health concern. Data on the use of these products among medical students is scanty. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, determinants and perception of use of SLP among female undergraduate medical students in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among female medical students selected by convenient sampling. An on-line survey was done with google forms using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire containing participants' biodata, history, pattern and perception of use of SLP. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results: A total of 110 respondents completed the study with over half (62; 56.4%) of them ranging between 20 and 24 years of age. The prevalence of SLP use was 45/110(40.9%) with facial cleansers being the commonest product used [23/45(51.1%)]. Over 80% of participants knew SLP could cause adverse effects with 'skin irritation' being the most identified [71/110 (64.5%)]. Although most (80%) respondents did not think that light skin was superior to dark skin, 'removal of discoloration/dark spots' (40%) and 'cosmetic reasons' (37.8%) were the commonest reasons for use. Determinants of use of SLP were light skin color (OR 3.8,, history of use among relatives (OR 3.3,) and awareness of adverse effects (OR 3.3, 1.129-9.740). Conclusion:The prevalence of use of SLP was quite high among the respondents and was predicted by 'skin color', 'use among relatives' and 'awareness of adverse effects'. Education of the general public on their adverse effects is paramount to avoid harmful use.

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The dangers of skin-lightening creams

Cited by 18 publications

References 47 publications

Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada

Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada

Combinations of potent topical steroids, mercury and hydroquinone are common in internationally manufactured skin-lightening products: a spectroscopic study

Prevalence, determinants and perception of use of skin lightening products among female medical undergraduates in Nigeria

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