The Definition of Racism

Schmid, Walter Thomas

doi:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…Racism can be defined as beliefs, attitudes, policies, and acts that denigrate or disadvantage individuals or groups because of presumed racial or ethnic-group affiliation (R. Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999; Schmid, 1996). According to R.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Microaggressions: Clarification, Evidence, and Impact

Williams

2019

Perspect Psychol Sci

251

197

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In a 2017 article in Perspectives on Psychological Science, Scott Lilienfeld critiqued the conceptual basis for microaggressions as well as the scientific rigor of scholarship on the topic. The current article provides a response that systematically analyzes the arguments and representations made in Lilienfeld’s critique with regard to the concept of microaggressions and the state of the related research. I show that, in contrast to the claim that the concept of microaggressions is vague and inconsistent, the term is well defined and can be decisively linked to individual prejudice in offenders and mental-health outcomes in targets. I explain how the concept of microaggressions is connected to pathological stereotypes, power structures, structural racism, and multiple forms of racial prejudice. Also described are recent research advances that address some of Lilienfeld’s original critiques. Further, this article highlights potentially problematic attitudes, assumptions, and approaches embedded in Lilienfeld’s analysis that are common to the field of psychology as a whole. It is important for all academics to acknowledge and question their own biases and perspectives when conducting scientific research.

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confidence: 99%

Microaggressions: Clarification, Evidence, and Impact

Williams

2019

Perspect Psychol Sci

251

197

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“…Racism as a construct can be defined as prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one’s own race is superior (Grosfoguel, 2016; Schmid, 1996). Significantly, racism can be perceived at both an individual and structural level.…”

Section: The Historical Roots Of Racism and Racist Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racism as a mental health challenge: An antiracist counselling perspective.

Lee¹,

Boykins²

2022

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

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This article explores racism as a mental health issue. Given the historical and contemporary impact of racism on the well-being of both Black, Indigenous, and people of colour (BIPoC) and White people, it is important for counsellors to address important issues associated with this phenomenon in their clinical work with clients. First, the historical roots of racist ideas in the United States and how they have been broadly expressed in psychological thought are explored. Second, racism is examined from a trauma perspective with its impact on the mental health of both BIPoC and Whites. Third, antiracist perspectives on mental health counselling for Whites and BIPoC will be discussed. Fourth, antiracist counselling direction for BIPoC and Whites will be presented. Public Significance StatementGiven the historical and contemporary impact of racism on the mental health of both people of colour and White people, it is important for counsellors to address important issues associated with this phenomenon. This article presents counselling direction for helping people of colour and Whites process the trauma associated with racism and racist acts.

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“…In terms of our current debate, this represents quite a complex episode. Blum (2002) and Schmid (1996) might argue that because the opponent may not have known there was anything wrong with what he said, he should not necessarily be deemed racist. In light of the various campaigns and media coverage it is unlikely that the player made the remark in ignorance that he would cause offence.…”

Section: Everyone Gets Abused: What's the Difference If Someone Is Called A 'Black Bastard'?mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Moral Economy of Racism and Racist Rationalizations in Sport

Long

McNamee

2004

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

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This article draws on and extends a series of empirical studies into the nature and extent of racism in selected sports and philosophical explorations of certain virtues and vices in sports more generally. In particular, the article explores dispassionately questions of responsibility and culpability for both committed and unacknowledged racism in sports, and critically evaluates sportspersons’ attempts to rationalize it. We argue that it is necessary to examine: some of the underpinning ‘logic’ of empirical and conceptual research; certain unchallenged assumptions about the moral repugnance of racism; and certain undifferentiated moral responses to racisms of lesser and greater viciousness. The aim of this article, then, is to offer a clearer conceptual schema for evaluating beliefs and behaviour in this highly charged arena. We examine critically certain definitions of racism, and evaluate the ethical standing of a range of actions and practices that characteristically fall under the labels ‘racist’ and ‘racism’.

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The Definition of Racism

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Microaggressions: Clarification, Evidence, and Impact

Microaggressions: Clarification, Evidence, and Impact

Racism as a mental health challenge: An antiracist counselling perspective.

On the Moral Economy of Racism and Racist Rationalizations in Sport

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