The deltoid ligament: an in-depth review of anatomy, function, and treatment strategies

Abstract

Given the continuing evolution of the anatomical understanding of the ligament, the current treatment protocol for deltoid injuries requires further standardization, with an emphasis on proper diagnosis.

The Epidemiology of Deltoid Ligament Sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports, 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Academic Years

“…The findings of our study agree with those of the previous literature: the highest incidence of ankle sprains occurred in team sports that involve contact between players (American football, Australian football, field hockey, Gaelic football, lacrosse, rugby, and soccer). 14 We did not examine other factors related to deltoid ligament sprains that may increase (eg, previous injury history) 2,6,8 or reduce (eg, taping and bracing techniques, 15,16 shoe design, 17 teamspecific strengthening programming) injury risk. Future investigators should evaluate these potential injury risk factors and prevention strategies.…”

“…2,6,8 The deltoid ligament is the main supporting structure of the medial ankle, and incomplete healing of this ligament may lead to chronic ankle instability. 4,6,8,28 Injury to the deltoid ligament may also lead to multidirectional instability of the ankle joint and necessitate surgical correction.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] The superficial layer of the deltoid comprises the tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, and posterior tibiotalar ligaments. 3 The deep layer is larger and broader than the superficial layer and provides more reinforcement to the medial ankle.…”

“…3 The deep layer is larger and broader than the superficial layer and provides more reinforcement to the medial ankle. 1,2,5 Primarily, the deltoid ligament limits eversion of the subtalar joint 1,3 and aids in restricting external rotation of the foot. 2 Forceful eversion causes a deltoid ligament sprain, resulting in pain, restricted ankle total range of motion, and swelling over the medial malleolus.…”

“…1,2,5 Primarily, the deltoid ligament limits eversion of the subtalar joint 1,3 and aids in restricting external rotation of the foot. 2 Forceful eversion causes a deltoid ligament sprain, resulting in pain, restricted ankle total range of motion, and swelling over the medial malleolus. 3 These symptoms can be masked by damage to other structures as well; though, as the literature suggests, deltoid ligament sprains rarely occur in isolation.…”