The Dependence of Morphological and Physiological Indicators of the Leaves of Woody Plants on the Degree of Technogenic Pollution

Abstract

Plants of modern urban ecosystem suffer from negative effects of a series of technogenic pollution which leads to changes in their morphological and physiological state. The reason for this is the penetration of phytotoxicants into plant organs, primarily, into leaves, thus distorting the structural components of cells and their functioning. In various species the degree of this reaction is manifested differently, so this fact must be taken into consideration when creating environmentally effective plantations. For this purpose the integrated study of the impact of pollutants on the morpho-physiological state of deciduous trees was conducted. Some morphological, physiological and biochemical indicators of leaves of Tilia cordata Mill., Populus tremula L., Salix fragilis L., Salix alba L. from different urban areas, characterized by different levels of technogenic pollution, were also studied. It was found out that the increase of technogenic load led to the decrease in the size of leaves, the increase of their necrotization and the total ash content of the tissues of these organs as well as the reduction of the photosynthetic pigments concentration with increase of relative portion of carotenoids which is the most significantly revealed in the leaves of the lime-tree, brittle willow and, to a lesser extent, in the white willow. At the same time the increased relative portion of carotenoids in the photosynthetic organs in case of strong pollution by pollutants indicates an increase of the protective role of the yellow pigment. Besides, the increased ratio of chlorophyll a/b characteristic for the resistant plant species was established in the leaves of these trees, which is a sign of a higher potential photochemical activity of leaves and the rate of photosynthesis.
 All the studied morpho-physiological indicators characterize a greater resistance to pollutants of Tilia cordata, Salix fragilis, Salix alba, which can be recommended for the reconstruction of the sanitary and protective plantations of Arzamas. The studied tree species have a great capacity of gettering harmful technogenic substances with a further effective ability to accumulate them in the tissues of the leaves.

UTICAJ AEROZAGAĐENJA NA KARAKTERISTIKE STOMINOG I FOTOSINTETIČKOG APARATA VRSTA Tilia cordata Mill. I Tilia platyphyllos Scop. NA PODRUČJU GRADA BANJE LUKE

“…U ovom radu je praćena tolerancija Tilia cordata i Tilia platyphyllos na zagađenost vazduha određivanjem sadržaja fotosintetičkih pigmenata (hlorofila a i b i karotenoida). Toksični gasovi prodiru u listove, akumuliraju se u hloroplastima, oštećuju ih, što dovodi do vidnog smanjenja sadržaja fotosintetičkih pigmenata (Petrova et al, 2017;Rostunov et al, 2017), što je potvrđeno i u ovom radu. Sadržaj ukupnog hlorofila u listovima Tilia cordata se kretao od 1,656 do 5,616 mg/g svježe materije (Tabela 4), pri čemu su tokom sezone zabilježene promjene koje su varirale u odnosu na vrstu, poziciju listova, lokalitet i koncentraciju zagađujućih supstanci.…”

“…NA PODRUČJU GRADA BANJE LUKE zala da na promjene u broju i veličini stominih ćelija s jedne strane velik uticaj imaju različiti abiotički faktori a s druge različiti polutanti. U posljednjih nekoliko decenija mnogi naučnici u svojim istraživanjima su se bavili proučavanjem štetnog uticaja različitih aeropolutanata na biljni svijet, s posebnim akcentom na dejstvo sumpornih i azotnih oksida i ozona (Chauhan, 2010;Giri et al, 2013;Rostunov et al, 2017;Glibovytska, 2017). Tako se veoma toksičnim polutantom za biljke smatra trofosferski ozon tzv.…”

“…Biljke u urbanim sredinama i industrijskim zonama veoma često su izložene negativnom uticaju različitih aeropolutanata, koji ovisno o jačini i dužini izloženosti, te hemijskom sastavu dovode do različitih morfoloških i fizioloških promjena (Braun et al, 2007;Glibovytska, 2017;Rostunov et al, 2017). U takvim sredinama brojne drvenaste vrste djeluju kao akumulatori zagađujućih supstanci taložeći i apsorbujući ih na površini listova, te tako značajno mogu poboljšati kvalitet vazduha smanjujući njihovu koncentraciju u vazduhu (Prajapati & Tripathi, 2008;Rostunov et al, 2017;Glibovytska, 2017;Petrova et al, 2017). Brojne studije (Chauhan, 2010;Giri et al, 2013;Rostunov et al, 2017;Glibovytska, 2017) su pokazale da visoke koncentracije aeropolutanata inhibiraju proces fotosinteze narušavajući strukturu hloroplasta i hlorofila dovodeći do smanjenja rasta biljaka.…”

“…U takvim sredinama brojne drvenaste vrste djeluju kao akumulatori zagađujućih supstanci taložeći i apsorbujući ih na površini listova, te tako značajno mogu poboljšati kvalitet vazduha smanjujući njihovu koncentraciju u vazduhu (Prajapati & Tripathi, 2008;Rostunov et al, 2017;Glibovytska, 2017;Petrova et al, 2017). Brojne studije (Chauhan, 2010;Giri et al, 2013;Rostunov et al, 2017;Glibovytska, 2017) su pokazale da visoke koncentracije aeropolutanata inhibiraju proces fotosinteze narušavajući strukturu hloroplasta i hlorofila dovodeći do smanjenja rasta biljaka. Isto tako zapaženo je da stomin aparat reaguje na aerozagađenje što zavisi ne samo od koncentracije i vrste aeropolutanta, već i od biljne vrste (Abeyratne & Ileperuma, 2006;Xu & Zhou 2008, Zhang et al, 2012.…”

State of Green Areas and Analysis of Coverage in the Area of Banja Luka

“…Plants plants act both as "accumulators" and as "excluders". Plants precipitate and absorbing atmospheric pollutants and affect the reduction of particles and gases in air (Braun et al, 2007;Ilić et al, 2009;Tangahu, 2011;Ilić, 2015;Glibovytska, 2017;Rostunov et al, 2017). Urban forests can perform three health-related functions: 1) disease prevention; 2) therapy; and 3) recovery from illness.…”