The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic

Murray, John; Hjort, Johan

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.62194

Cited by 43 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…8), but does reflect the generally observed rule that there is a strong contrast between neritic and oceanic phytoplankton (e.g. Murray and Hjort, 1912;Longhurst, 2007) even if the controls on this are less well established. So the strongest control on in situ E. huxleyi morphology within this region appears to be a genotypic contrast between the coastal and oceanic populations, with no obvious effect of carbonate chemistry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Morphology of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

2014

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Abstract. Within the context of the UK Ocean Acidification project, Emiliania huxleyi (type A) coccolith morphology was examined from samples collected during cruise D366. In particular, a morphometric study of coccolith size and degree of calcification was made on scanning electron microscope images of samples from shipboard CO 2 perturbation experiments and from a set of environmental samples with significant variation in calcite saturation state ( calcite ). One bioassay in particular (E4 from the southern North Sea) yielded unambiguous results -in this bioassay exponential growth from a low initial cell density occurred with no nutrient enrichment and coccosphere numbers increased tenfold during the experiment. The samples with elevated CO 2 saw significantly reduced coccolithophore growth. However, coccolithophore morphology was not significantly affected by the changing CO 2 conditions even under the highest levels of perturbation (1000 µatm CO 2 ). Environmental samples similarly showed no correlation of coccolithophore morphology with calcite saturation state. Some variation in coccolith size and degree of calcification does occur but this seems to be predominantly due to genotypic differentiation between populations on the shelf and in the open ocean.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Morphology of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

2014

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“…This was first suggested by Lohmann (1902). Since then coccoliths have been reported in the gut contents of various zooplankton (Murray and Hjort, 1912;Esterly, 1966;Mulln, 1966), as well as in zooplankton fecal pellets Orr, 1956, 1962;Bernard, 1963;Roth et al, 1975;Honjo and Roman, 1978). Fecal pellets also serve to protect coccoliths in their descent through undersaturated waters.…”

Section: The Fate Of Coccoliths Suspended At Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcareous nannoplankton biocoenosis : sediment trap studies in the equatorial Atlantic, central Pacific, and Panama Basin

Steinmetz¹

1991

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“…Crough, 1978;McKenzie et al, 1980;Wessel, 1993;Ribe & Christensen, 1999;Watts & Zhong, 2002]. Similarly, using echo-sound data Menard & Smith [1966] were able to firm up the hypsometric curve of Murray and Hjort [1912] and discuss modes of formation of the deep oceans. This is a form of analysis now more commonly associated with sub-aerial [e.g.…”

Section: Submarine Geomorphology and Geophysics A Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geophysics has a history of quantitative analysis of seafloor morphology [e.g. Murray & Hjort, 1912;Renkin & Sclater, 1988;Malinverno, 1991;Smith & Sandwell, 1997;Behn et al, 2004], as does geomorphology for sub-aerial DEMs [e.g. Lave & Avouac, 2001;Montgomery et al, 2001].…”

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confidence: 99%

Editorial Submarine geomorphology: new views on an ‘unseen’ landscape

2008

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Geomorphology, one of the oldest disciplines in the geosciences, is undergoing a rebirth in the submarine environment. 2D (i.e. gridded) high-resolution bathymetry data offers exciting views of ever more of this hidden landscape, allowing a much improved understanding of both the solid Earth and Earth surface processes that shape the seabed. Such geomorphology is particularly powerful when convolved with geophysical techniques that image the sub-seafloor to form 3D studies.This journal issue promotes a vision where submarine geomorphology i) unites processes typically studied in sub-aerial geomorphology (e.g. landsliding & channel erosion) and marine geophysics (e.g. volcanism, tectonics & geodynamics) ii) strives to progress beyond purely qualitative methods and to employ quantitative approaches in analyses and iii) integrates bathymetry with other surface or subsurface data to enhance the analysis. The aim in bringing together work on the various causes and consequences of the underwater landscape is to endorse interaction and knowledge transfer between disciplines and study areas.This editorial highlights the links between submarine geomorphology, geophysics, Earth surface processes and bathymetry. Questions from the issue reviewed here include: How does the Earth melt? How does seafloor morphology affect the size of subduction earthquakes? What is the interconnection between submarine mass-wasting and tectonic environment? Submarine Geomorphology & Geophysics, a Historical PerspectivePractically, it is not possible for humans to directly observe the vast majority of the seafloor. This is in direct contrast to the sub-aerial landscape. Contrast, for example, a pilot looking down from an aircraft and a sailor looking over the side of his craft. Even in the best conditions seawater is opaque to visible light beyond a few hundred metres penetration. Because it cannot be viewed, or indeed easily walked around upon, the seafloor can be thought of as an 'unseen' landscape that is in some ways less accessible to us than the surface of Mars. Electronic geophysical equipment is necessary to measure the deep ocean at any level beyond the most cursory and crude. Developments in submarine geomorphology have therefore been intrinsically linked to developments in geophysics. This is simply not true for sub-aerial geomorphology where less sophisticated equipment (e.g. a plane table) can produce accurate data, and this contrast probably explains the differential and disparate development of geomorphology on land and underwater.Long before geophysics, however, water depth was critical information for the purposes of navigation, so 'soundings' have been taken, firstly using a long pole. From the 1870s hemp rope with a lead weight attached was used by HMS Challenger and USS Tuscarora, continued with the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross from 1888 until the early 20 th century when a wire cable method began to be used. Soundings taken by these methods were neither quick nor cheap to obtain, so only a few th...

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The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Morphology of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

Morphology of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

Calcareous nannoplankton biocoenosis : sediment trap studies in the equatorial Atlantic, central Pacific, and Panama Basin

Editorial Submarine geomorphology: new views on an ‘unseen’ landscape

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The depths of the ocean; a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the Norwegian steamer Michael Sars in the North Atlantic

Cited by 43 publications

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Morphology of &lt;i&gt;Emiliania huxleyi&lt;/i&gt; coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

Morphology of &lt;i&gt;Emiliania huxleyi&lt;/i&gt; coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

Calcareous nannoplankton biocoenosis : sediment trap studies in the equatorial Atlantic, central Pacific, and Panama Basin

Editorial Submarine geomorphology: new views on an ‘unseen’ landscape

Contact Info

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Morphology of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

Morphology of <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> coccoliths on the northwestern European shelf – is there an influence of carbonate chemistry?

Editorial Submarine geomorphology: new views on an ‘unseen’ landscape