The Designation of Chemicals in Terms of the Responses They Elicit from Insects1

Dethier, V. G.; Browne, Barton L.; Smith, Carroll N.

doi:10.1093/jee/53.1.134

Cited by 440 publications

(246 citation statements)

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“…Initiation of movement from a resting behaviour to locomotory behaviour similar to the activity caused by stimulants described by (Dethier et al 1960).…”

Section: Activationmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Based on the definition of a repellent as 'a chemical which causes insects to make oriented movements away from its source' (Dethier et al 1960), it remains unclear from most Y-tube and dual-choice olfactometer assays whether compounds that attract significantly fewer mosquitoes than the control are truly repellents (Dogan and Rossignol 1999), because in these devices the insects cannot move away from the source. However, when the term repellent is used to designate products that intent to reduce the biting-rate of haematophagous insects (see White 2007), this term can be used for chemicals that have been shown to reduce the number of mosquitoes attracted to a natural or synthetic odour source when tested in a Y-tube or dual-choice olfactometer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, when no response has been found in a specific bioassay care should be taken to conclude that a certain compound has no effect on the host-seeking behaviour of a certain mosquito species; the compound may play a role in another host-seeking phase. In an olfactometer, attraction may not be visible, even though the mosquitoes make oriented movements towards the source of a chemical (Dethier et al 1960), when the insects do not fly into the trapping system with which the olfactometer is applied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially described as a chemical that causes an insect to make oriented movements away from the source (Dethier et al 1960), this term is used loosely here to include actions such as attraction-agonists, spatial repellents and attraction inhibitors ).…”

Section: Repellentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfaction in vector-host interactions

Takken¹,

Knols²

2010

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“…Initiation of movement from a resting behaviour to locomotory behaviour similar to the activity caused by stimulants described by (Dethier et al 1960).…”

Section: Activationmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Repellentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Olfaction in vector-host interactions

Takken¹,

Knols²

2010

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“…To be a repellent sensu stricto (10,11), DEET must act as a vapor at some distance from where it evaporated. However, its vapor pressure is very low (5.6 × 10 −3 mm Hg at 20°C; toxnet.nlm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito odorant receptor for DEET and methyl jasmonate

Choo

Rosa

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

153

174

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Insect repellents are important prophylactic tools for travelers and populations living in endemic areas of malaria, dengue, encephalitis, and other vector-borne diseases. DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is a 6-decade-old synthetic repellent, which is still considered the gold standard of mosquito repellents. Mosquitoes use their sense of smell to detect DEET, but there are currently two hypotheses regarding its mode of action: activation of ionotropic receptor IR40a vs. odorant receptor(s). Here, we demonstrate that DEET, picaridin, insect repellent 3535, and p-menthan-3,8-diol activate the odorant receptor CquiOR136 of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus. Electrophysiological and behavioral assays showed that CquiIR40a knockdown had no significant effect on DEET detection and repellency. By contrast, reduction of CquiOR136 transcript levels led to a significant decrease in electroantennographic responses to DEET and a complete lack of repellency. Thus, direct activation of an odorant receptor, not an ionotropic receptor, is necessary for DEET reception and repellency in Culex mosquitoes. Interestingly, methyl jasmonate, a repellent derived from the nonvolatile jasmonic acid in the signaling pathway of plant defenses, elicited robust responses in CquiOR136• CquiOrco-expressing Xenopus oocytes, thus suggesting a possible link between natural products with long insect-plant evolutionary history and synthetic repellents. I nsect repellents have been used since ancient times as prophylactic agents against diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and other arthropods, including malaria, dengue fever, and encephalitis. They were developed from plant-based smoke or extracts (essential oils) into formulations with a single active ingredient. DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), a synthetic compound developed more than 6 decades ago, is the most widely used substance. Unfortunately, people in endemic areas who need insect repellents the most cannot afford to use DEET daily, whereas a significant proportion of those who need and can afford it, do not use DEET because of undesirable properties such as an unpleasant odor. Molecular modeling led to the development of insect repellent (IR) 3535 (1) and picaridin (2), but progress toward development of better and more affordable repellents has been slow, because DEET receptors in mosquitoes are hitherto unknown.There are currently two hypotheses regarding DEET reception. One school postulates that the widespread effect of DEET olfactory repellency is mediated by a well-conserved ionotropic receptor, IR40a (3), whereas the other (4, 5) favors a pathway involving odorant receptor(s). Here we report that the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus uses an odorant receptor, CquiOR136, to detect DEET, picaridin, IR3535, pmenthan-3,8-diol (PMD), and a plant defense-signaling compound, methyl jasmonate. Results and DiscussionTo test whether DEET olfactory repellency in the southern house mosquito is mediated by IR40a (3), we cloned CquiIR40a, the C. quinquefas...

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Evaluation of hyperactivity produced by pyrethroid treatment on third instar nymphs ofTriatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Alzogaray

Fontán

Zerba

1997

Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol.

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The hyperactivity produced in third instar nymphs of Triatoma infestans by their exposure to films of deltamethrin or cis‐permethrin was evaluated. Both pyrethroids produced a significant increase in locomotor activity at 26 and 36°C but not at 16°C. At 26°C, only deltamethrin produced hyperactivity when topically applied on the dorsal side of the nymphs abdomen. However, both pyrethroids produced hyperactivity when topically applied on the head of the nymphs. Hyperactivity was not observed when nymphs were treated with N‐ethylmaleimide (20 μg/insect) before exposure to the pyrethroids. The effect of both insecticides on locomotor activity reversed the inhibitory influence on locomotion elicited by contact with the walls of the experimental arena (thigmotaxis). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 35:323–333, 1997.© 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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The Designation of Chemicals in Terms of the Responses They Elicit from Insects1

Cited by 440 publications

References 0 publications

Olfaction in vector-host interactions

Olfaction in vector-host interactions

Mosquito odorant receptor for DEET and methyl jasmonate

Evaluation of hyperactivity produced by pyrethroid treatment on third instar nymphs ofTriatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

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