The Determinants of National Innovative Capacity

Barriers to Innovation Faced by Manufacturing Firms in Portugal: How to Overcome it?

“…More than contradictory perspectives, these approaches are seen as complementary in the study of the process of innovation. The Industrial Cluster approach stresses the competitive pressure of the environment on the firm (Porter, 1990(Porter, , 1998Stern et al, 2000;Porter and Stern, 2001;Furman et al, 2002), while the role of cooperation amongst firms is highlighted in the Industrial Districts' approach (Becattini, 1990;Sengenberger et al, 1990;Brusco, 1992;Schmitz, 1992). The Industrial Networks approach enhances the role of the agents, activities and resources (Hakansson 1987;Hakansson andJohanson, 1988, 1992;Johanson and Mattson, 1991); whereas the Resource-Based View points out, mainly, the resources and the internal capacities essential to the process of innovation (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978;Wernerfelt, 1984Wernerfelt, , 1995Prahalad and Hamel, 1990;Levinthal, 1989, 1990).…”

Measuring the "Ideas" Production Function: Evidence from International Patent Output

“…When φ = 1 but σ < 1, the viability of the ideas sector depends either on public subsidies for knowledge production or increases over time in the level of rent extraction by the ideas sector. While both of these policies may not be viable for the very long-run (see Jones (1999), both are relevant concerns in understanding patterns of R&D employment and investment in advanced economies over the past century (Romer, 1990;Nelson, 1993;Stern, Furman and Porter, 1999).…”

Measuring Regional Innovativeness - A Methodological Discussion and an Application to One German Industry

“…Most commonly, patents are used as approximations for the number of innovations generated within a region (see, e.g., Feldman, 1994;Feldman and Florida, 1994;Fritsch, 2002). To capture the size of regions, many approaches use criteria, such as patents per inhabitants (Stern et al, 2002) or patents per employee (Bode, 2004). A stated, measuring the innovation performance of spatial units, has raised a number of questions that have not been sufficiently answered in the literature.…”

“…A common approach to such a definition is to count the number of patents per inhabitants (see, e.g., Audretsch, 1998;Stern et al, 2002). What is measured is the average performance of each inhabitant of a region rather than the performance of the region as a whole.…”

“…Most works on innovation performance in the literature control for the size of the spatial unit in terms of inhabitants (e.g. Paci and Usai, 2000;Stern et al, 2002), some control for the number of R&D employees (Fritsch, 2002(Fritsch, , 2003. Many additional factors also influence the number of innovations generated in a spatial unit -as shown in Figure 1.…”