The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health

Ojo-Okunola, Anna; Cacciatore, Stefano; Nicol, Mark P.; Toit, Elloise du

doi:10.3390/metabo10020077

Cited by 34 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…The complexity and dynamic chemical composition of human milk represents a challenge for researchers (Ojo-Okunola et al, 2020). In addition to HMOs, human milk contains a plethora of metabolites produced by either human or bacterial cells that are relevant for mammary and infant health (Gay et al, 2018).…”

Section: Other Human Milk Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem

Fernández

Pannaraj

Rautava

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Human milk contains a dynamic and complex site-specific microbiome, which is not assembled in an aleatory way, formed by organized microbial consortia and networks. Presence of some genera, such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium (formerly known as Propionibacterium), Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium, has been detected by both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. DNA from some gut-associated strict anaerobes has also been repeatedly found and some studies have revealed the presence of cells and/or nucleic acids from viruses, archaea, fungi and protozoa in human milk. Colostrum and milk microbes are transmitted to the infant and, therefore, they are among the first colonizers of the human gut. Still, the significance of human milk microbes in infant gut colonization remains an open question. Clinical studies trying to elucidate the question are confounded by the profound impact of non-microbial human milk components to intestinal microecology. Modifications in the microbiota of human milk may have biological consequences for infant colonization, metabolism, immune and neuroendocrine development, and for mammary health. However, the factors driving differences in the composition of the human milk microbiome remain poorly known. In addition to colostrum and milk, breast tissue in lactating and non-lactating women may also contain a microbiota, with implications in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and in some of the adverse outcomes associated with breast implants. This and other open issues, such as the origin of the human milk microbiome, and the current limitations and future prospects are addressed in this review.

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Section: Other Human Milk Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem

Fernández

Pannaraj

Rautava

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…The human milk metabolome was investigated using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry [ 34 , 35 ]. The use of these approaches allowed the identification of unique metabolite profiles in human milk when compared to bovine milk or formula [ 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomic Profile of Personalized Donor Human Milk

et al. 2020

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Human milk could be considered an active and complex mixture of beneficial bacteria and bioactive compounds. Since pasteurization drastically reduces the microbial content, we recently demonstrated that pasteurized donor human milk (DHM) could be inoculated with different percentages (10% and 30%) of mother’s own milk (MOM) to restore the unique live microbiota, resulting in personalized milk (RM10 and RM30, respectively). Pasteurization affects not only the survival of the microbiota but also the concentration of proteins and metabolites, in this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the RM10, RM30, MOM and DHM samples to evaluate the impact of microbial restoration on metabolite profiles, where metabolite profiles clustered into four well-defined groups. Comparative analyses of DHM and MOM metabolomes determined that over one thousand features were significantly different. In addition, significant changes in the metabolite concentrations were observed in MOM and RM30 samples after four hours of incubation, while the concentration of metabolites in DHM remained constant, indicating that these changes are related to the microbial expansion. In summary, our analyses indicate that the metabolite profiles of DHM are significantly different from that of MOM, and the profile of MOM may be partially restored in DHM through microbial expansion.

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“…HMO structure depends on two specific genes, and each lactating mother synthesizes a unique subset, influenced by genetics and enzymes that process HMOs ( 21 , 22 ). Furthermore, in terms of quantity and structure, HMOs vary from woman to woman and in the same woman during breastfeeding ( 23 ).…”

Section: Breast Milk and Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These bacteria digest HMOs producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), an energy source for the epithelial cells of the colon with a positive trophic effect on the intestinal cells. They produce an acidic milieu in the gut, making it inhospitable to potentially pathogenic microbes ( 37 , 38 ); moreover, they modulate the immune system and promote the gut epithelial barrier function ( 22 ), establishing a stable ecosystem in an infant's gut. It is now recognized that a healthy microbiota has a positive impact on human health and provides benefits that go far beyond effects in the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Breast Milk and Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Infective, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Breast Milk Factors for the Protection of Infants in the Pandemic From COVID-19

Quitadamo

Comegna

Cristalli

2021

Front. Public Health

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COVID-19 pandemic since the end of 2019 spreads worldwide, counting millions of victims. The viral invasion, systemic inflammation, and consequent organ failure are the gravest features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and they are associated with a high mortality rate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of breast milk in the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects due to its bioactive components, so numerous and important for the protection of infants. The study tried to demonstrate that all the components of human milk are capable of performing functions on all the pathogenic events recognized and described in COVID-19 disease. Those human milk factors are well-tolerated and practically free of side effects, so breast milk should become a research topic to discover therapies even in this epidemic. In the first part, the mechanisms of protection and defense of the breast milk elements will be delineated; in the second section, it will describe the human milk effects in viral infections and it will be hypothesized how the known mechanisms could act in COVID infection.

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The Determinants of the Human Milk Metabolome and Its Role in Infant Health

Cited by 34 publications

References 120 publications

The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem

The Microbiota of the Human Mammary Ecosystem

Metabolomic Profile of Personalized Donor Human Milk

Anti-Infective, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Breast Milk Factors for the Protection of Infants in the Pandemic From COVID-19

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