The determination of dihardenedtallowdimethyl ammonium compounds (DHTDMAC) in environmental matrices using trace enrichment techniques and high performance liquid chromatography with conductometric detection

Gerike, P.; Klotz, H.-D.; Kooijman, J.G.A.; Matthijs, E.; Waters, J.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90128-7

Cited by 45 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…DADMAC C14− 18, also normally referred to as ditallowdimethylammonium chloride (DTDMAC), have been a focus of attention in recent decades due to extensive usage as fabric softeners, which resulted in concerns regarding their high levels in sewage sludge during the early 1990s. 13,20 Meanwhile, significant proportions of DADMAC homologues, such as DADMAC-10:10 and mixed DADMAC-16:18 and DADMAC-14:16 were also found recently in urban estuarine sediment environments. 17,18 In this work, almost all of the previously reported DADMACs, such as DADMAC-8:8, 10:10, 12:12, 14:14, 14:16, 16:16, 16:18, and 18:18, were found in the investigated sludge samples.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Ruan

Song

Wang

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

124

105

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have raised considerable attention due to their wide commercial applications and recent discovery of unknown persistent analogues in aqueous environment. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMAC), benzylakyldimethylethylammonium (BAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium (DADMAC) homologues were investigated in fifty-two municipal sewage sludge samples. ATMAC C10−18, BAC C8−18 and paired DADMAC C8:8-C18:18 as well as emerging homologues such as 18:20 were identified for the first time by nontarget qualitative strategies. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer quantification method was also initially verified with the aid of laboratory synthesized standards for the analysis of the mixed DADMACs with no certificated commercial standards currently available. The total concentrations of ATMACs, BACs and DADMACs were in the range of 0.38−293, 0.09−191 and 0.64−344 μg/g dry weight, respectively, and particularly, mixed DADMACs constituted 39 ± 7% of total DADMAC concentrations. The concentrations and profiles of individual homologues further suggested different QAC applications and fate in China. Significant correlations were also found among the concentrations of various QAC homologues as well as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) characteristics (total organic carbon contents and daily treatment volumes). ■ INTRODUCTIONRapid development of analytical methods and increasing public health concerns have improved the assessment and regulatory strategies for screening chemicals with persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic potentials, especially from the high production volume chemical (HPVC) list. 1−5 Surfactants are an economically important class of HPVCs, with wide consumer usages and industrial applications. The transport, fate, and possible adverse effects of some important neutral and anion surfactants, such as nonylphenolethoxylates and relevant metabolites, have been extensively investigated in various environmental compartments. 6,7 However, less attention has been raised on cationic surfactants, although some of these could be environmentally persistent as they result from the amphiphilic and electrostatic interactions with negatively charged surfaces and are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. 8−12 Here, we focused our research on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), a class of cationic surfactants that are commonly used as detergents, phase transfer catalysts, fabric softeners, disinfectants as well as preservatives and antielectrostatics in personal care products. 8,13 QACs mainly consist of the alkyltrimethylammonium (ATMACs), benzylalkyldimethylethylammonium (BACs), and dialkyldimethyl-ammonium compounds (DADMACs) as shown in Figure 1. The analysis and ecological risk assessment of QACs in the environment began in the 1980s. QAC residues have been found in surface water, 14 sewage effluent, 15,16 estuarine sediment, 9,13,17−19 sludge, 13,20,21 Received: November 12, 2013

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Ruan

Song

Wang

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci. Technol.

124

105

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“…Fortunately, the extraction procedures for cationic compounds from sewage sludge have improved significantly. Traditionally, an extraction method with acidic methanol, followed by a timeconsuming sequence of liquid-liquid extraction has been employed traditionally (Wee 1984;Levsen et al 1993;Gerike et al 1994). Alternatively, supercritical fluid extraction has been used (Fernández et al 1996).…”

Section: Analytical Methods Used For Qaac Analysis In Environmental Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ultrasonic-assisted extraction procedures with acidic methanol have worked well for extractions from solid environmental matrices (Gerike et al 1994;Martínez-Carballo et al 2007a;Li and Brownawell 2009). For extractions procedures that need to be developed for soil sample screening, there are several recent multi-compound protocols for sewage-sludge available, which can serve as a point of reference (Martínez-Carballo et al 2007a;Li and Brownawell 2009;Li et al 2014a;Ruan et al 2014).…”

Section: Analytical Methods Used For Qaac Analysis In Environmental Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this removal is partly caused by sorption to sludge. Total QAAC concentrations determined in the eight available studies on sewage sludge reach the mg kg -1 level (Gerike et al 1994;Fernández et al 1996;Merino et al 2003b; UBA Wien 2005;Martínez-Carballo et al 2007b;Kaj et al 2014;Li et al 2014b;Ruan et al 2014) with a median of 59 mg kg -1 and a mean of 220 mg kg -1 (SI Figure S3). The maximum content reported was 8 g kg -1 for DTDMAC (DADMAC-C14-C18) in an anaerobic sludge (Gerike et al 1994) but this concentration should be considered with caution due to the colorimetric detection procedure as disulfine blue complexes form and likely a result in overestimation.…”

Section: Wastewater Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quaternary ammonium compounds in soil: implications for antibiotic resistance development

Mulder

Siemens

Sentek

et al. 2017

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are surface-active, antimicrobial, high production volume (HPV) chemicals with a broad application in agriculture. This review provides a comprehensive overview of (1) predicted and measured concentrations of QACs in soils including their analysis, (2) sequestration mechanisms in soils based on their physicochemical properties and chemical structure, and (3) implications of concentrations and fate of QACs in soils for the proliferation of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) for QACs that are applied to soils with manure are in the order of 3.5 mg kg -1 . Based on literature data, the median PEC of QAC in sewage sludge amended soils is 25 lg kg -1 . The positively charged QACs are mainly sorbed to clay minerals. We propose that QACs might be sequestered in the interlayer regions of layered silicates in clayrich soils, reducing their acute toxicity, while increasing their persistence. The release of sequestered QACs from soil can still potentially maintain concentration levels that are sufficient to develop antibiotic resistance in the environment.

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“…[16][17][18] High Performance Liquid Chromatographic-frit fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (LC-FRIT-FAB-MS) 4,5) . 4) Alkyldimethylamine oxide (AO): C [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] High Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) 6) : adopted inner standard method.…”

Section: 21 Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic Environmental Monitoring of Detergent Surfactants

Miura¹,

Nishiyama²,

Yamamoto³

2008

J. Oleo Sci.

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The determination of dihardenedtallowdimethyl ammonium compounds (DHTDMAC) in environmental matrices using trace enrichment techniques and high performance liquid chromatography with conductometric detection

Cited by 45 publications

References 12 publications

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Identification and Composition of Emerging Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Municipal Sewage Sludge in China

Quaternary ammonium compounds in soil: implications for antibiotic resistance development

Aquatic Environmental Monitoring of Detergent Surfactants

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